Pharmacology

Pharmacology
History of
Pharmacology

3
Ancient
Period
4
 The Cave Man
Ancient man learned from instinct, from observation of
birds and beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first
soothing application. By trial, he learned which served him
best. Eventually, he applied his knowledge for the benefit of
others. Though the cavemen's methods were crude, many of
today's medicines spring from sources as simple and
elementary as those which were within reach of early man.

5
Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often
called the cradle of civilization, provides the
earliest known record of practice of the art of the
apothecary. Practitioners of healing of this era
(about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and
physician, all in one. Medical texts on clay tablets
record first the symptoms of illness, the 6
prescription and directions for compounding, then
an invocation to the gods. ANCIENT BABYLONIA
Chinese Pharmacy, Ancient China
according to legend,
stems from Shen Nung (about 2000 B.C.), emperor who sought out
and investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. He
reputed to have tested many of them on himself, and to have
written the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs. Still
worshiped by native Chinese drug guilds as their patron god, Shen
Nung conceivably examined many herbs, barks, and roots brought
in from the fields, swamps, and woods that are still recognized in
Pharmacy today.
 Emperor SHEN NUNG
◈ In China, many medicinal plants
have been used since 2000 BC.
◈ “ PEN T’SAO” , the oldest
known herbal written by the
emperor.
◈ Contains 365 drugs, one for
each day of the year.
 EGYPTIANS

◈ Health & sickness were seen as an

eternal fight between good & evil.
◈ Physical procedures and natural
ingredients were combined with
rituals and incantations in the
administration of herbal medicine.
◈ Experimentation & observation were used
along with magic and rituals , and many
complimentary medicine modalities
originated with the ancient Egyptians
including spiritual healing , massage,
manipulation & herbal medicine.

◈ Drug therapy is one of the most

important Egyptian Contribution
 ◈ The EBERS
PAPYRUS , A
SCROLL 60 FT
LONG AND A
FOOT WIDE
CONTAINING
700 MAGICAL
FORMULAE
AND FOLK
REMEDIES

Meant to cure afflictions ranging from

crocodile bites to toe nail pain and to get rid
of the pests such as flies, rats & scorpions
Includes appropriate description of the
circulatory system noting presence of blood
vessels and the heart
 DATE SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

Opium- most patent form of pain relief

Cannabis- ritual usage for trance
1550 BC Myrrh - a secret oil
Honey- used for rashes & burns
Frankinsence- used for skin problems
Fennel- treat colic
Casia/ Castor Oil- used as laxatives
Thyme- used as expectorant
Yeast/ mold on bread- treatment for wounds
Garlic – treat asthma and bronchial pulmonary
illnesses
Coriander- reduces joint pains
Though Egyptian medicine dates from about 2900 B.C., best known
and most important pharmaceutical record is the "Papyrus Ebers"
(1500 B.C.), a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs.
Pharmacy in ancient Egypt was conducted by two or more
echelons: gatherers and preparers of drugs, and "chiefs of
fabrication," or head pharmacists. They are thought to have worked
in the "House of Life."
 GREEKS
GREEKS

Theophrastus –Father of Botany Theophrastus

(about 300 B.C.), among the greatest early Greek
philosophers and natural scientists, is called the
"father of botany."
Dioscorides–A Scientist Looks at Drugs In the evolution of all
successful and enduring systems of knowledge there comes a time
when the observations of many men, or the intensive studies of one,
transcend from the level of trade or vocation to that of a science.
RULES FOR COLLECTION OF DRUGS, STORAGE AND
USE, THAT IS HIS CONTRIBUTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
 DATE SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

131- 201 PHALEN , A SURGEON TO THE GLADIATORS OF PERGAMOS& A

AD PHYSICIAN TO THE ROMAN EMPEROR MARCUS AURELIUS
INITIATED THE USE OF PRESCRIPTIONS TO TREAT SPECIFIC
DISEASES

1240 ARABS FORMULATED THE FIRST DRUG STANDARDS AND

MEASUREMENTS .
PEDANIUS DIOSCORIDES FAMOUS FOR WRITING A FIVE VOLUME
BOOK – DE MATERIA MEDICA THAT IS A PRECURSOR TO ALL
PHARMACOPEAS ; ALSO ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL HERBAL
BOOK IN HISTORY

THE MATERIA MEDICA GIVES KNOWLEDGE & REMEDIES USED BY

THE GREEKS , ROMANS, & OTHER CULTURES OF ANTIQUITY
DATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

MISTLETOE- Cancer treatment

CLOVER- Skin disorder
BELLADONA- Deep sleep
CANTHARIDES-used to treat warts
_________________________________________________________________
ALEXANDER of Tralles used variations of treatments for sickness

COCHICUM for gout

IRON- for anemia
CANTHARIDES for blisters
RHUBARBS- for dysentery & liver complaints
__________________________________________________________________
GEBER discovered SULFURIC ACID, NITRIC ACID, NITROHYDROCHLORIC
ACID , CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE & LUNAR CAUSTIC

AL-RHUZI came up with the first formulary that served as model for London
Pharmacopeia
 DATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
MERCK & PARK-DAVIS MADE COCOA WIDELY AVAILABLE FOR
USE IN PHARMACEUTICALS
16TH
CENTURY TOBACCO WAS USED TO TREAT SORES, ULCERS AND ASTHMA,
WOUND, BRUISES, VENOMOUS BITE, FLATULENCE, HALITOSIS,
HEADACHES , RHEUMATISMS, TOOTHACHE. CONSTIPATION &
COLIC

CASTOR OIL IS USED AS A LAXATIVE , USED TO EXPEL STOMACH

WORMS, IT IS ALSO USED FOR STIMULATING PRODUCTION OF
BREASTMILK IN WOMEN OF CANARY ISLAND.

PEPPER IS ALSO USED TO TREAT MINOR AILMENTS

OPIUM was first compounded by Paracelsus, used to treat
17 th disorders
CENTURY BENZOIN is used to treat cracking skin’
COCA- leaf contains mood altering alkaloid - rich in proteins &
vitamins
 DATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

ADVENT OF MODERN MEDICINE

18TH
CENTURY PARACELSUS ISOLATED USE OF MORPHINE FROM OPIUM

EDWARD JENNER INTRODUCED SMALLPOX VACCINATION

WILLIAM WITHERING INTRODUCED USE OF DIGITALIS AS TREATMENT FOR

DISEASES OF THE HEART

JOHN JACOB ABEL CONTRIBUTED A LOT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS

AND WAS CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF PHARMACOLOGY
_
CRAWFORD W. LONG FIRST USED ETHER AS ANETHETICS
17th PAUL ERLICH – USED SALVARSAN FOR SYPHILLIS
CENTURY BANTING DISCOVERED INSULIN AS TREATMENT FOR DIABETES
ALEXANDER FLEMING DISCOVERED THE PENICILLINS
 DATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

20TH
CENTURY

1930 SULFONAMIDES WAS INTODUCED

1935 CORTISONE WAS DISCOVERED BY KENDALL

1938 ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS WAS STUDIED BY DR. HOWARD FLOREY

1941 ANTIBIOTICS WAS INTRODUCED, ANTIHISTAMINES TAKES TOLL

1948 CORTISONE WAS USED IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE

1950 ANTIPSYCHOTICS, , ANTIHYPERTENSIVES, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES,

AND POLIO VACCINE WAS INTRODUCED AND WAS FIRST USED.
1961
RESEARCHES AND STUDIES CONTINUED TO BE DONE TO IMPROVE THE
21ST USE OF MEDICINES TO NOT ONLY TO TREAT DISEASES BUT TO
CENTURY CONTROL ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS OR COMPLICATIONS
Pharmacology
Definition of Terms
◈PHARMACOLOGY –
Comes from the Greek word PHARMAKOS “
POISON”; “ MEDICATION” & LOGOS

IT IS THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

OF CHEMICALS

IT IS THE SCIENCE OF DRUGS, CONSIDERS

INTERACTIONS OF DRUGS AND THE HUMAN
BODY
POSOLOGY
◈ SCIENCE OF DRUG
CALCULATIONS
◈ THE STUDY OF THE
DOSAGE OR AMOUNT OF
DRUGS TO BE GIVEN IN
THE TREATMENT OF A
DISEASE
THERAPEUTICS

◈ THERAPY
◈ TREATMENT
PHARMACIST/ PHARMACY

◈ PHARMACIST IS A
PROFESSIONAL WHO
DISPENSES DRUGS
ACCORDING TO
MEDICAL
PRESCRIPTION
 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
 PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
- Another term for clinical
pharmacology
- The branch of pharmacology that
deals with drugs , chemicals that
are used in medicine for the
treatment, prevention & diagnosis
of disease in human
◈DRUGS – CHEMICALS THAT ARE
INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY THAT
CAUSE SOME SORT OF CHANGE

WHEN DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED ,

THE BODY BEGINS A SEQUENCE OF
PROCESSES DESIGNED TO HANDLE
NEW CHEMICALS
◈ Mechanism of action – the means by
which drugs exert their effects
◈ Receptors – the cellular components with
which drugs interact to produce their
characteristic biologic effects
◈ Receptor sites – part of the tissue cells
that interact with the drug to produce a
pharmacological response
32
◈ Affinity – used to describe the propensity
of a drug to be found at a given receptor
site
◈ Efficacy – used to describe the drug’s
ability to initiate biologic activity as a
result of such binding
◈ Agonist – a drug that combines with
receptors and initiates a sequence of
biochemical and physiologic changes

33
◈ Antagonist – drugs which
inhibit or counteract effects
caused by other drugs
◈ Absorption – the taking in
of drug from the site of
administration into the
blood stream or lymphatic
system 34
◈ Enzymes – substance produced by
living cells which act as catalyst
◈ Serum – clear fluid portion of
blood similar to plasma but does
not contain fibrinogen
◈ Vaccines – suspension of killed /
attenuated or modified
microorganisms
35
◈MEDICATION –

Therapeutic substance
administered for cure ,
treatment & prevention of
diseases
Branches of
Pharmacology
 38

Two Major Branches

PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS
◈PHARMACOKINETICS
◆DEALS WITH THE ACTION OF DRUGS IN THE BODY

◈PHARMACODYNAMICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS is the study of how
drugs interact with body cells and tissues- the
theories of drug action
◈TOXICOLOGY
– A BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY WHICH
DEALS WITH THE UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS OF
CHEMICALS IN THE BIOLOGIC SYSTEMS

- STUDY OF THE POISONOUS OBNOXIOUS

EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN THE BODY, INCLUDING
DIAGNOSTIC & TREATMENT OF POISONING
AND METHODS DETECTING FROM THE SYSTEM
◈PHARMACOGNOSY
Pharmacognosy deals with the natural drugs
obtained from organisms such as most plants,
microbes, and animals.
Traditional medicine is a part of pharmacognosy
and most of the third world countries still depend
on the use of herbal medicines.

PHARMACOGNOSY is the study of the botanical

sources of drugs, study of medical substances in
their natural or crude state.
 SUBDIVISONS OF PHARMACOLOGY
◈PHARMACOGENETICS is the study of
hereditary influences on an individual’s drug
responses

◈CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY is the study of the

action of drugs in relationship to time

◈POSOLOGY is the study of the dosage or amount

of drugs to be given in the treatment of disease
 Effects of drugs
◈THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS
PALLIATIVE relieves the symptoms of the disease but does not affect the
disease itself
CURATIVE cures a disease or condition
SUPPORTIVE supports body functions until body responses can take over
SUBSTITUTIVE replaces body fluids or substance
CHEMOTHERAPEUT agents that affects cells that leads to cell death
ICS

◈Side Effects – Physiologic effects not related to the desired drug effects
◈Drug Toxicity- it is the deleterious effects of a drug on an organism or tissue
Effects of Drugs
◈Drug Allergy – allergic reaction that may be either mild or severe
- ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK is a severe form of allergic
reaction usually occurring immediately after the
administration of the drug
◈ Drug Tolerance – is tolerance to a frequently repeated
administration of a certain drug.

◈before,
Drug Interaction – occurs when the administration of one drug
at the same time, or after another drug deters the effects of
one or both drugs.

◆Potentiating – Increase in effect

◆Inhibiting – decreased in effect
◆Iatrogenic –disease caused unintentionally due
to drug therapy
◈NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING:
1. ADMINISTERING DRUGS
2. ASSESSING DRUG EFFECTS
3. INTERVENING TO MAKE THE DRUG REGIMEN
MORE TOLERABLE
4. PROVIDING PATIENT TEACHING ABOUT DRUGS &
DRUG REGIMEN
5. MONITORING THE OVER-ALL PATIENT CARE
PLAN TO PREVENT MEDICATION ERRORS
◈SOURCES OF DRUGS
1. Organic
2. Inorganic
3. Microbiological Agents
Organic Sources

• Plants
• Alkaloids
• Glycosides
• Gums
• Resin
• Oil
• Crude Drugs
47
Organic Sources

• Animals
• Proteins
• Fats/Oil
• Enzymes
• Vaccines

48
Inorganic Sources

• Minerals
• Metals/Non metals
• Inorganic Acids, Alkali &
Salts

49
Microbiological Agents

◈ Microorganisms are the

source for the generation of
the drugs. Eg VACCINES

50
Methods of
Naming Drugs

51
Methods of Naming Drugs

 Chemical Name
 Generic Name
 Trademark / Brand name

52
Chemical Name

 The chemical name is

a scientific name based
on the
compound's chemical
structure
53
Generic Name

 Generic names are a

shorthand version of the
drug's chemical name,

54
Trademark/ Brand Name
 a drug that has a trade name and is
protected by a patent (can be produced
and sold only by the company holding the
patent)

55
Prescription
◈ PRESCRIPTION – A WRiTTEN
DIRECTION FOR THE
PREPARATION AND
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
Includes the patient’s
information

56
Patient’s Information
( Name & age etc )
date of prescription made
the symbol Rx
Name of drug, dosage & strength
route of administration
dispensing instruction
how drug should be taken
direction to the one administering the drug
Doctors affix their full name & signature
 Maria Obama July 18, 2019
San Juan St, NC 42 M

Omeprazole 20 mg TID x 5 days

( 30 minutes before meals )

Sample drug PRESCRIPTION Quidoles, MD

093546
DRUGS & THE BODY

 PHARMACODYNAMICS
 The science that deals with the
interactions between chemical
components of living systems
and foreign chemicals
including drugs that enter the
system
59
 It comes from the greek
word PHARMACON
“ DRUGS “ &
DYNAMICS “ ACTION
or POWER
60
DRUGS USUALLY WORKS IN ONE OF
FOUR WAYS:
1. To replace or act as substitutes for
missing chemicals
2. To increase or stimulate certain cellular
activities
3. To depress or slow cellular activities
4. To interfere with functioning of foreign
cells, such as invading microorganisms
Principles of
Drug Action

62
1. Drugs do not create new cellular
functions but rather ALTER existing
ones
◈ Ex. Antibiotics slows down the
growth & action of many microbial
organisms
◈ Laxatives increase the peristaltic
movement of the lower GIT

63
Drugs interact in many different ways.
Some act by altering the chemical
composition of a body fluid.
◈ ANTACIDS are designed to alter the
acidity of the stomach contents.
◈ ANESTHESIA has an affinity with the
lipid portion of the nerve cell causing it
accumulate in the fatty cells and
depress nerve function.
64
◈ Different drugs whose molecules
precisely fits into a given receptor
can be expected to elicit a
comparable drug response.
◈ Ex. Penicillins perfectly fit in their
receptors, they have an affinity to a
receptor. It takes only a small
amount of drug to cause an effect
on the body.
65
◈ Drugs which interact with a receptor to
produce a response are known as
AGONISTS
◈ Drugs which do not have specific
pharmacological action of their own but
interact with a receptor to inhibit or
prevent the action of agonists are called
ANTAGONISTS

66
◈ EXAMPLE:
◆ A patient in pain was given
morphine to address surgical pain but
it can also depress the CNS ; can
produce respiratory distress so an
antagonist ( narcotic antagonist ) is
given to reduce the effect of
morphine ( agonist-antagonist
interaction ) 67
 Drugs act in several different ways to achieve results:
RECEPTOR SITES Drugs acting on specific areas of the cell called
receptor sites thereby causing chemical reaction.

Nearby enzymes break down because of the chemical

reactions opening receptor sites for stimulation

DRUG-ENZYME Drug-enzyme interactions happens when drugs

INTERACTIONS interferes with enzyme activities that acts as catalysts
for various chemical activities causing a cascading
effect and eventually a chemical reaction.

SELECTIVE Drug ability to attack systems found to have foreign

TOXICITY cells like bacterial infections , they are given
antibiotics who acts only on bacteria causing their cell
death
Three Phases of Drug Action

◈ A drug taken by mouth thru

3 phases:
◆ Pharmaceutic Phase
◆ Pharmacokinetic Phase
◆ Pharmacodynamic Phase

69
3 Phases of Drug Action
1. DISSOLUTION PHASE
PHARMACEUTIC -1st phase of Drug Action
PHASE -drugs disintegrate to be able to
be absorbed in the GIT.
-drugs in SOLID form undergoes
dissolution
2 Pharmaceutic Phases:
DISINTEGRATION &
DISSOLUTION
2. DRUG MOVEMENT,
PHARMACOKINETIC 1. Absorption 2. Distribution
PHASE 3. Metabolism 4. Excretion
70
3 Phases of Drug Action
3. Study of DRUG
PHARMACODYNAMIC CONCENTRATION & its
PHASE effects in the body
It is the Dose response &
maximal efficacy, Onset &
peak of action/ duration of
drug action

71
 DRUG EVALUATION

 TESTING FOR THE ACTUAL THERAPEUTIC AND

TOXIC EFFECT OF THE DRUG
 DRUG EVALUATION IS CONTROLLED BY THE FDA &
BUREAU OF FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
( BFAD )
 THIS AGENCIES REGULATES THE
DEVELOPMENT & SALE OF THE DRUGS
 ENSURES THE SAFETY AND RELIABILITY OF THE
DRUG
STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
PRE-CLINICAL TRIALS

2 PURPOSES
1. To determine whether they have
the presumed effects on the living tissue
2. To evaluate any adverse effects
STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
REASONS FOR DISCARDING A DRUG
AFTER A PRECLINICAL TRIAL:

- The chemicals lacks therapeutic activity when

used with living animals
- Too toxic for use of the living animal
- It is highly teratogenic
- Safety margins is very minimal to be useful in the
clinical setting
STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
◈PHASE 1 STUDIES
◆Uses HUMAN volunteers to test the drugs
◆They are more tightly controlled than
preclinical trials; done by highly specialized
and well trained clinical investigators
◆Volunteers are educated about the
process, their risks & are paid
◆In this phase, the chemicals are tested in
human, its adverse effects & toxicity levels
STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
◈At the end of the phase there are
chemicals that are dropped
because:
◆They lack therapeutic effect on
human
◆They have unacceptable adverse
effects
◆Highly teratogenic
◆Too toxic
◆There are chemicals that are found to
be effective but has other side effect
◇Example: Minoxidil is effective as
an antihypertensive but causes
abnormal hair growth on palms and
hands
- the hair growth effect is now
being used for those with
problems growing natural hair
 STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
◈PHASE II STUDIES
◆Drugs that passed the Phase I will now be
tested in human who has the disease for
which the drug is designed to treat.

◆THE STUDY IS CONDUCTED IN

VARIOUS AREAS, hospitals, clinics,
health facilities and are closely monitored.
 STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
◈END OF PHASE II
◆ less effective than anticipated
◆Too toxic with patients
◆Produces an unacceptable adverse effects
◆There are more risks and potential adverse
effects than benefits
◆Its effectiveness does not out-weight other
drugs in the market
 STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
◈PHASE III STUDIES
◆THIS INVOLVES USE OF THE DRUG IN
VARIOUS CLINICAL MARKET.

◇Prescribers are being informed of the known

reactions of the drugs as well as the precautions to
take for safe use of the drug.
◇Patients are closely monitored; keeps track of
records of the effects or symptoms felt during the trial
◇Prescribers evaluates whether symptoms result from
the drug or the disease.
 STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
◈DRUGS EVALUATED AND PASSED THE PHASE III STUDIES
ARE BEING EVALUATED BY FDA

◆DRUGS THAT RECEIVE FDA COMMITTEE APPROVAL

WILL BE OUT FOR THE MARKET

◇GIVEN A BRAND NAME, by the pharmaceutical company

who developed them
◇A GENERIC NAME & A CHEMICAL NAME ARE
USUALLY INCLUDED in the packaging

◇It takes 5-6 years for the entire drug development and
approval process
 STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
◈ PHASE IV STUDIES
◆ The drug has been approved for marketing &
and continuous evaluation
 LEGAL REGULATIONS OF DRUGS
SAFETY DURING DRUGS TO BE DISTIBUTED SHOULD BE TESTED FOR TERATOGENIC EFFECT.
PREGNANCY REGULATION OF SUCH WILL BE OBSERVED ESPECIALLY FOR USE IN
PREGNANT WOMEN, BENEFITS SHOULD OUTWEIGH THE RISKS IN CASE IT IS
REALLY NEEDED.

CONTROLLED DRUGS WITH ABUSE POTENTIAL; DRUGS THAT ARE CLOSELY MONITORED
SUBSTANCES IN TERMS OF PRESCRIPTION, DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE AND USE TO
PREVENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE
GENERIC DRUGS CHEMICALS THAT ARE PRODUCED BY COMPANIES SOLELY INVOLVED IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF DRUGS. THEY DID NOT UNDERGO RESEARCH
AND ADVERTIZING, THEY ARE PRODUCED AND SOLD CHEAPER.

ORPHAN DRUGS DRUGS USED TO TREAT RARE DISEASE BUT IS NOT ADOPTED BECAUSE THEY
ARE FINANCIALLY NOT VIABLE . THEY ONLY REACH PHASE 1

OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS THAT CAN BE BOUGHT OVER THE COUNTER WITHOUT
DRUGS PRESCRIPTION AND IS USED FOR SELF TREATMENT
Types of Drugs

111
Types of Drugs

◈ Prescription
◈ Recreational
◈ Controlled Drugs
◈ OTC/ Non –Prescription
Drugs
112
Prescription Drugs

◈ Drugs that can be used

and is duly prescribed by
a professional medical
practitioner

113
114
Recreational Drugs

 A drug (such as cocaine,

marijuana, or methamphetamine)
used without medical justification
for its psychoactive effects often in
the belief that occasional use of
such a substance is not habit-
forming or addictive.
115
Controlled Drugs

• Some prescription medicines

contain drugs that
are controlled under the Misuse
of Drugs legislation. These
medicines are
called controlled medicines or
drugs.
• Usually for Scientific and medical
purposes only 116
117
OTC ( Over The Counter ) Drugs
Medicines sold directly to a consumer without
a prescription from a healthcare professional,
as opposed to prescription drugs, which may
be sold only to consumers possessing a valid
prescription.
RISK:
- Over and under dosage
- Correct drug intake frequency
118
Sources of Drug
Information

119
◈ Drug labels
◈ Package Inserts
◈ Reference Books
◈ Journals
◈ Internet informations
120
DRUG LABELS
◈ Drug labels have specific
information that identifies a
specific drug

◈ Understanding how to read a

drug label is essential
121
Package Insert
◈ Prepared by the manufacturer
◈ Contains all of the chemical and
study information that led to the
drug’s approval

◈ Difficult to understand and read

122
REFERENCE BOOKS
◈Physician’s Drug Reference (PDR)
◈Drug Facts and Comparisons
◈AMA Drug Evaluations
◈Lippincott’s Nursing Drug Guide (LNDG)
◈ Journals
◈ Internet

123
 JOURNALS (
AMERICAN JOURNAL
OF NURSING )

INTERNET
INFORMATION

Package inserts

Formulary

PIMS/ MIMS

PDR
Drug
Handbooks
 NDC # USED TO BRAND NAME
DRUG
IDENTIFY A STATUS DRUG DOSE
SPECIFIC DRUG

WARNINGS
GENERIC DRUG
NAME MANUFACTURER SOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATION
PHARMACEUTICAL
PREPARATIONS

126
◈ SOLIDS
◈ Extracts
◈ Powders
◈ Pills
◈ Suppository
127
◈ Ointment
◈Lozenges/ Troches
◈Capsules
◈Tablets
Most popular form
of medicine

128
 ◈ LIQUIDS
◆ Suspension/
Magmas
◆ Syrup
◆ Emulsions
◆ Gels
◆ Elixirs
◆ Tinctures
129
salbutamol
130