AC MOT RS

AC MOTORS
 AC MOTORS 3-Phase Induction Motors

Theory
3 phase induction motor is an AC electric
motor in which the electric current in the rotor
needed to produce torque is obtained by
electromagnetic induction from the magnetic
field of the stator winding. An induction motor
can therefore be made without electrical
connections to the rotor.
 AC MOTORS 3-Phase Induction Motors
Principle
 The principle of operation of three phase induction motor is the
relative speed between the rotating magnetic field and the rotor
conductors. When a three phase set of voltage is applied to
stator winding, it produces rotating magnetic field in counter
clockwise direction.
 An electrical motor is such an electromechanical device which
converts electrical energy into a mechanical energy. In case of
three phase AC operation, most widely used motor is Three
phase induction motor as this type of motor does not require
any starting device or we can say they are self-starting induction
motors.
 AC MOTORS 3-Phase Induction Motors

Principle
An electric motor converts electrical energy into a
mechanical energy which is then supplied to
different types of loads. AC motors operate on an
AC supply, and they are classified into synchronous,
single phase and 3 phase induction, and special
purpose motors. Out of all types, 3 phase induction
motors are most widely used for industrial
applications mainly because they do not require a
starting device.
 AC MOTORS 3-Phase Induction Motors

How does 3 phase induction motor work?

 When we connect the primary winding, or the stator to a 3
phase AC source, it establishes rotating magnetic field
which rotates at the synchronous speed.

How can the speed of an induction motor be

controlled?
 There are several ways to control the speed of an induction
motor. Reduce the voltage applied to the motor. ... Control
the current to the motor. ... Use a wound-rotor motor and
control the resistance applied to the rotor windings. ...
Control the frequency and voltage applied to the motor.
 AC MOTORS 3-Phase Induction Motors
What is the difference between single phase and
three phase?
 With AC power, the flow of current is constantly alternating
directions. The primary difference between single phase and three
phase AC power is the constancy of delivery. In a 3 phase system
there are three power wires, each 120⁰ out of phase with each other.
What are the types of 3 phase induction motor?
 There are mainly two types of Induction Motor: Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor and Slip Ring or Wound Rotor Induction Motor.
This classification is ba sed on the constructional difference between
them. On the basis of kind of power supply, there are again two
types: Single Phase and Three Phase.
AC MOTORS
AC MOTORS Squirrel Cage motors

Definition
The rotor of a squirrel cage motor
is made of conductive bars that are
parallel to the shaft and short
circuited by the end rings in which
they are physically supported
AC MOTORS Squirrel Cage motors

Definition
A squirrel-cage rotor is the rotating part of
the common squirrel-cage induction
motor. It consists of a cylinder of steel
laminations, with aluminum or copper
conductors embedded in its surface.
AC MOTORS Squirrel Cage motors

The rotor winding has current induced in it by

the stator field, and produces its own magnetic
field.
 AC MOTORS Squirrel Cage motors

How does a squirrel cage motor work?

The field windings in the stator of an induction motor set up a
rotating magnetic field through the rotor. The relative motion
between this field and the rotation of the rotor induces electric
current in the conductive bars. In turn these currents lengthwise in
the conductors react with the magnetic field of the motor to
produce force acting at a tangent orthogonal to the rotor, resulting
in torque to turn the shaft. In effect the rotor is carried around with
the magnetic field but at a slightly slower rate of rotation. The
difference in speed is called slip and increases with load.
 AC MOTORS Squirrel Cage motors
Key Features
Speed
A squirrel cage induction motor generally
operates at a constant speed. This speed is
synchronous speed.

Starting Current
Such motors require high starting currents.
Which may result in fluctuations in voltage.
 AC MOTORS Squirrel Cage motors

Direction of Rotation
The direction of rotation of these motors can be
reversed if you interchange two power lines out of
three.
Slip
As for other induction motors, the slip is defined as the
difference in speed of rotating magnetic field of stator
and rotating speed of rotor. The speed of rotation of
magnetic field is called synchronous speed. Slip is
expressed as a ratio with synchronous speed or in
percentage.
 AC MOTORS Squirrel Cage motors
Power Factor
Power factor is the ratio of actual power to apparent power. It is
expressed in percentage. The power factor is low when motor
is running at no load and it is high when motor is operating at
full load.
Uses
This type of motor finds its uses in industries because of their
cost. They are extensively used in industrial applications
instead of wound type induction motor. They are used in
applications where low starting torque is needed. Such motors
may also be used as generators.
AC MOTORS
AC MOTORS Wound Rotor Induction Motors

Theory
•A wound rotor motor is a variation of the
three-phase induction motor, designed to
provide high starting torque for loads with
high inertia, while requiring very low current.
•Wound rotor motors are also referred to as
“slip ring motors.”
 AC MOTORS Wound Rotor Induction Motors

• A wound rotor induction motor has a stator like the

squirrel cage induction motor, but a rotor with insulated
windings brought out via slip rings and brushes.
However, no power is applied to the slip rings. Their
sole purpose is to allow resistance to be placed in series
with the rotor windings while starting. This resistance is
shorted out once the motor is started to make the rotor
look electrically like the squirrel cage counterpart.
AC MOTORS Wound Rotor Induction Motors

Construction of Wound Rotor Induction Motor

As in other induction motors, the basic parts are stator

and rotor. Stator of this motor is the same as the one used
in squirrel cage induction motors. Rotor is the part which
distinguishes it from other induction motors.
 AC MOTORS Wound Rotor Induction Motors

Speed Control

Motor speed may be varied by putting variable

resistance back into the rotor circuit. This reduces
rotor current and speed. The high starting torque
available at zero speed, the down shifted break down
torque, is not available at high speed. See R2 curve at
90% Ns,
 AC MOTORS Wound Rotor Induction Motors
Speed Control
Figure below. Resistors R0R1R2R3 increase in value from zero. A
higher resistance at R3 reduces the speed further. Speed regulation is
poor with respect to changing torque loads. This speed control
technique is only useful over a range of 50% to 100% of full speed.
Speed control works well with variable speed loads like elevators and
printing presses.

Rotor resistance controls speed of wound rotor induction motor

 AC MOTORS Wound Rotor Induction Motors

Stator of Wound Rotor Induction Motor

As the name implies, stator is the stationary part of
Wound Rotor Induction Motor.
The stator and rotor are separated from each other by
a small air gap.
Stator of any type of induction motor is a cylindrical
frame inside which rotor rotates.
The cylindrical frame has grooves on its internal
periphery to carry electrical circuitry.
The stator winding is excited by AC supply.
 AC MOTORS Wound Rotor Induction Motors

Rotor of Wound Rotor Induction Motor

In Wound Rotor Induction Motor, the rotor has a 3 phase
winding similar to stator winding.
Rotor is also cylindrical in shape and has slots to carry
winding.
The winding is placed evenly on slots of the rotor.
 are connected to 3 slip rings.
These slip rings are mounted on the shaft.
Each phase is connected to one of the three slip rings. These
slip rings are associated with brushes.
The three slip rings rotate with rotor, while brushes remain
stationary.
 AC MOTORS Wound Rotor Induction Motors

Wound rotor induction motor qualities

• Excellent starting torque for high inertia loads.
• Low starting current compared to squirrel cage induction
motor.
• Speed is resistance variable over 50% to 100% full speed.
• Higher maintenance of brushes and slip rings compared to
squirrel cage motor.
• The generator version of the wound rotor machine is known
as a doubly-fed induction generator, a variable speed
machine.
AC MOTORS
 AC MOTORS Single Phase Induction Motors

Theory
Single phase induction motors are used in applications where
three power is not available, and are generally in the fractional
horsepower to 10 HP range. Larger than 10 HP single phase
motors are possible and are usually matched with power
electronics to limits starting currents which would be very high
otherwise. The single coil of a single phase induction motor does
not produce a rotating magnetic field, but a pulsating field
reaching maximum intensity at 0o and 180o electrical.
 AC MOTORS Single Phase Induction Motors
Single phase stator produces a non rotating, pulsating magnetic field

Another view is that the single coil excited by a single phase current
produces two counter rotating magnetic field phasors, coinciding twice per
revolution at 0o (Figure above-a) and 180o (figure e). When the phasors
rotate to 90o and -90o they cancel in figure b. At 45o and -45o (figure c) they
are partially additive along the +x axis and cancel along the y axis. An
analogous situation exists in figure d. The sum of these two phasors is a
phasor stationary in space, but alternating polarity in time. Thus, no starting
torque is developed.
 AC MOTORS Single Phase Induction Motors

 Single phase induction motors have a copper or

aluminum squirrel cage embedded in a cylinder of steel
laminations, typical of poly-phase induction motors.

 Single phase induction motors may have coils

embedded into the stator as shown in the Figure
Alarger size motors. Though, the smaller sizes
use less complex to build concentrated windings
with salient poles.
AC MOTORS
 AC MOTORS Split Phase Motors

Theory
The Split Phase Motor is also known as
a Resistance Start Motor. It has a single cage rotor,
and its stator has two windings known as main
winding and starting winding. Both the windings are
displaced 90 degrees in space. The main winding has
very low resistance and a high inductive reactance
whereas the starting winding has high resistance and
low inductive reactance.
 AC MOTORS Split Phase Motors

Single phase induction motors are used in applications

where three power is not available, and are generally in
the fractional horsepower to 10 HP range. Larger than 10
HP single phase motors are possible and are usually
matched with power electronics to limits starting currents
which would be very high otherwise.
 AC MOTORS Split Phase Motors
The Connection Diagram of the motor
A resistor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding. The current in the two
windings is not equal as a result the rotating field is not uniform. Hence, the starting
torque is small, of the order of 1.5 to 2 times of the started running torque. At the starting
of the motor both the windings are connected in parallel.
As soon as the motor reaches the speed of about 70 to 80 % of the synchronous
speed the starting winding is disconnected automatically from the supply mains. If the
motors are rated about 100 Watt or more, a centrifugal switch is used to disconnect the
starting winding and for the smaller rating motors relay is used for the disconnecting of
the winding.
A relay is connected in series with the
main winding. At the starting, the heavy
current flows in the circuit, and the
contact of the relay gets closed. Thus,
the starting winding is in the circuit, and
as the motor attains the predetermined
speed, the current in the relay starts
decreasing. Therefore, the relay opens
and disconnects the auxiliary winding
from the supply, making the motor runs
on the main winding only.
 AC MOTORS Split Phase Motors
The Torque Speed Characteristic of the Split Phase motor
Here, n0 is the point at which the
centrifugal switch operates. The
starting torque of the resistance start
motor is about 1.5 times of the full
load torque. The maximum torque is
about 2.5 times of the full load torque
at about 75% of the synchronous
speed. The starting current of the
motor is high about 7 to 8 times of the
full load value.
The direction of the Resistance Start motor can be reversed by reversing
the line connection of either the main winding or the starting winding.
The reversal of the motor is possible at the standstill condition only.
 AC MOTORS Split Phase Motors

Applications of Split Phase Induction Motor

This type of motors are cheap and are suitable for easily
starting loads where the frequency of starting is limited. This
type of motor is not used for drives which require more than 1
KW because of the low starting torque. The various
applications are as follows.

•Used in the washing machine, and air conditioning fans.

•The motors are used in mixer grinder, floor polishers.
•Blowers, Centrifugal pumps
•Drilling and lathe machine.
 AC MOTORS Split Phase Motors

Construction of Split Phase Induction Motor

The split phase induction motor is provided with
an auxiliary stator winding called starting winding in
addition to main or running winding. These windings
are placed in the stator slots. Both the windings are put
in parallel. The purpose is to get two different currents
sufficiently displaced in phase from each other so that
a revolving field approximating that of two phase
machine is produced.