Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
• AB positive
– Universal recipient
– It carries no antibodies in the plasma
• Can be phenotypically +- --
-
positive or negative
• Positive is dominant _ _
over negative
– If positive is present, + +- +-
then you will express
positive phenotype + +- +-
Blood Types: ABO
• Controlled by A O
GENETICS!!!!! B AB BO
• Two Categories O AO OO
– ABO and Rh
A B
A O
A AA AB
A AA AO
O
B AB BB
AO OO
Blood Types: What Ag do
they have?
• A positive blood has which Ag present on
rbc?
– A antigen and Rh antigen
• B negative blood has which Ag present on
rbc?
– B antigen
• AB + blood type has which Ag present?
– Both A and B Ag and Rh antigen on the rbc
Who can donate to whom?
• A + donor: what blood types can this pt.
receive?
– A+, A-, O+, O-
A Yes No Yes
B No Yes Yes
O No No No
Examples of ABO blood typing
O negative carries no Ag and therefore does not react with any Anti A,
B, AB
Pos reaction
Neg reaction
Rh Antigen and Antibody Interaction
Anti- Rh
Rh + YES
Rh - NO
Normal Ranges
• RBC: female 3.6-5.0x106mm3
male 4.2-5.4x106mm3
• WBC: 4.5-10.5x103mm3 (African Americans is sltly lower 3.2
is still normal)
• Platelets: 140-400x103mm3
Blood Cell
Maturation
Blood Splatter Analysis
• Location, distribution, and appearance of
blood stains are an important part of
forensics
• Investigators try to determine:
– Direction
– Dropping distance
– Angle of impact
• Splatter analysis is often used for crime
scene reconstruction
Blood Splatter Analysis
• Factors which influence stain patterns are:
– Surface texture
– Direction of travel
• Pointed end of bloodstain always faces its direction
of travel
– Angle of impact is determined by measuring
the degree of circular distortion of the stain
• Blood striking a surface at right angles gives rise to a
nearly circular stain
• As the angle decreases, the stain becomes
elongated in shape
DNA
• DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
• Found in the nucleus
• 46 chromosomes
• 25,000 genes
• Structure determined by Crick and Watson
• DNA fingerprinting by Alec Jeffreys
Structure of DNA
• A polymer made of repeating nucleotides
• Nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar,
a phosphate, and a nitrogen base
(Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine)
• Double stranded, helical
• Complementary base
pairing, A=T, G=C
DNA at Work
• DNA in nucleus is copied into a strand of
RNA (transcription)
• RNA is read at the ribosome to make
assemble amino acids into proteins
(translation)
• Every 3 bases on DNA
codes for a different
amino acid
Replication of DNA
• Replication – the synthesis of new DNA
from existing DNA in the nucleus
• DNA polymerase assembles
new DNA strand and proof-
reads it
• Replication occurs in nucleus prior to cell
division
Polymerase Chain
Reaction
• A technique for replication, or amplifying,
a portion of DNA outside
the cell
• Each cycle doubles
the number of copies
• 1 1x107 in 30 cycles
DNA Typing with Tandem
Repeats
• Region of chromosome that contains multiple copies of a
core DNA sequence arranging in a repeating fashion
between the coding regions (genes)
• Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms used
enzymes to cut the DNA around these tandem repeat
sites and then run them on a gel electrophoresis
• A Southern blot was then performed and radioactive
probes were hybridized to help visualize the RFLPs
RFLPs
PCR
PCR has the following advantages:
1. PCR can use shorter sequences
2. shorter pieces more stable
3. smaller amounts of DNA can
be used (10-9 gram)
Short Tandem Repeats
(STRs)
• A region of a DNA molecule that contains
short segments of 3-7 repeating base
pairs.
• Generally less than 450 bp long
• Less degradation
• Can be PCR’d
• Can multiplex a large number of these
STRs at once
• US uses 13 STRs for tests
• Capillary electrophoresis
• Sex Identification by focusing on the
amelogenin gene