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CHAROTAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CHANGA

Topic : Crack propagation in beam due to highly


stress concentration
Id :18PGCL020

Guide: DR. V. R. PANCHAL Co-guide: NIRPEX PATEL


FLOW OF PRESENTATION

Introduction
Need of study
Literature review
Objective and Scope
Methodology
References
INTRODUCTION

 In the construction of modern buildings, many pipes and ducts are


necessary to accommodate essential services. Usually, these pipes
and ducts are placed underneath the soffit of the beam and for
aesthetic reasons those are covered by a suspended ceiling, thus
creating “Dead space”.
 An alternative arrangement is to pass these ducts through
transverse opening in the floor beams.
 Core Cutting is generally performed to Create a hole for installing
ducts such as for A.Cs, Pipes etc.
 Core Cutting must be carefully planned to avoid going through
Reinforcement. Generally mid section of beam is chosen as it is less
likely to have Reinforcement than on the edge.
INTRODUCTION

 The presence of an opening in the


reinforced concrete beam leads to
many problems in the beam behavior
such as reduction in beam stiffness,
excessive cracking, excessive
deflection and reduction in beam
strength.
 The reduced stiffness of the beam may
also give rise to excessive deflection
under service load and result in a
considerable redistribution of internal
forces and moments in a continuous
beam.
INTRODUCTION

 Furthermore, sudden change in the dimension of the cross section


of beam leads to high stress concentration at the corners of the
opening that may lead to cracking.
 The reduced stiffness of the beam may also give rise to excessive
deflection under service load and may result in a considerable
redistribution of internal forces and moments in a continuous beam.
 When a sufficient quantity of diagonal reinforcement is provided,
the applied shear may be distributed between the chord members
in proportion to their cross-sectional areas.
INTRODUCTION

 A beam with circular openings can be conservatively designed


using the modified ACI Code approach.
 This method incorporates the reduction in concrete contribution to
shear strength due to the opening and considers two different types
of failure.

Beam-type failure Frame-type failure


INTRODUCTION

Here are some basic guidelines when planning openings in steel


beams.
 The hole should be centrally placed in the web and eccentricity of
the opening is avoided as far as possible.
 Web openings should be away from the support by at least twice
the beam depth, D or 10% of the span whichever is greater.
 Clear spacing between the openings should not be less than beam
depth (D).
 It is always preferred if the openings can be predetermined and
made in the shop and not in the field. The cost is negligible in the
shop as opposed to expensive in the field.
INTRODUCTION

 Concrete cores are used for testing of actual properties of concrete


in existing
 While rebound hammer, CAPO/pullout, Windsor probe and
ultrasonic pulse velocity tests give indirect evidence of concrete
quality, a more direct assessment on strength can be made by core
sampling and testing.
The core samples can also be used for the following
 Strength and density determination
 Depth of carbonation of concrete
 Chemical analysis
 Water/gas permeability
NEED OF STUDY

 Based on the size of opening required, the sleeves can be designed


and designated as cut-outs and include their effects during
structural design.
 Two types of opening as per behavior of beam are small and large
opening.
 Analysis of small and large openings by conventional methods is
done using book “Concrete beam with opening and analysis” by
Mansur and Tan (1999).
 Nowadays Finite element method is efficiently used for such kind of
structures which contains discontinuities which is also carried out in
present study.
NEED OF STUDY

 Providing an opening in beam develops cracks around the opening


due to high stress concentration.
 The aim is to study the behavior of RC beam with different shapes of
opening with varying diameters at different locations.
 An attempt has been made to answer the frequently asked
questions related to creating an opening in an already constructed
beam and how to deal with multiple openings.
NEED OF STUDY

Classification of opening:
 Transverse opening in beams may be of different shapes and sizes. It
may be of circular, rectangular, diamond, triangular, trapezoidal
and even irregular shapes as shown in Fig.
 Circular openings are required to accommodate service pipes,
such as plumbing and electrical supply. On the other hand, air
conditioning ducts are generally rectangular in shape.
NEED OF STUDY

 The classification of opening depended on the structural response


of the beam (Mansur and Tan, 1999), when the opening is small
enough to maintain the beam-type behavior, then the opening
could be termed as small opening.
 Otherwise, large openings are those that prevent beam-type
behavior to develop.
 A circular opening may be considered as large when its diameter
exceeds 40% of the depth of the web, but square opening
considered as large when height exceed quarter of the depth of
the web.
 Thus, beams with small and large openings need separate
treatments in design.
LITERATURE REVIEW

TITLE: PROPOSED FORMULA FOR DESIGN OF DEEP BEAMS WITH SHEAR OPENINGS
Author: M.A. Ibrahim, A. El Thakeb, A.A. Mostfa, H.A. Kottb
Publication: HBRC Journal June 2018
Review: This research presents an analytical study to verify the experimental study of
new models for reinforcing deep beams with different shear openings, in addition to
proposing a formula for calculating the shear capacity of such beams. The results of
the analytical study demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed nonlinear finite
element (NLFE) model by close matching the carrying capacity of the tested
beams and their comparative analysed by the ABAQUS program. The analytical
program included representing a 14-specimens study with two different concrete
strength and three different sizes of shear openings.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 The comparison revealed the accuracy of the analytical model in


the representation of solid deep beams and deep beams with
shear openings; including predicting the fracture load, the
behaviour of these beams, in addition to the crack pattern and
stresses of the proposed reinforcement configurations.
 Using both of ABAQUS program and specifications of the ACI 318-14
(ACI Committee 318, 2014), a parametric study was developed to
investigate the relationship between shear strength of deep beams
with different sizes of shear openings and shear opening ratio to the
total area of shear zone.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 Based on this parametric study, a dimensionless equation for


calculating the shear strength of deep beams was obtained, which
can be utilized in the design of such beams having same shear
span-to-depth ratio and opening maximum size of 0.15 relative to
shear zone.
 In this study concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model is used to
represent concrete behaviour in finite element analysis using
ABAQUS program.
LITERATURE REVIEW

TITLE: DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS


Author: M.A. Mansur
Publication: APSEC (Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and
Construction Conference) September 2006
Review: The provision of transverse openings in floor beams to facilitate
the passage of utility pipes and service ducts results not only in a more
systematic layout of pipes and ducts, it also translates into substantial
economic savings in the construction of a multi-storey building. To
investigate the problem of openings in beams, the author initiated a
research program in the early 1980s. Since then extensive research has
been carried out giving a comprehensive coverage on both circular
and large rectangular openings under various combinations of
bending, shear and torsion.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 In this paper, major findings relevant to the analysis and design of


such beams under the most commonly encountered loading case
of bending and shear are extracted and summarized.
 An attempt has been made to answer the frequently asked
questions related to creating an opening in an already constructed
beam and how to deal with multiple openings.
 It has been shown that the design method for beams with large
openings can be further simplified without sacrificing rationality and
having unreasonable additional cost.
LITERATURE REVIEW

TITLE: FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF RC BEAMS WITH OPENING


Author: SAEED AHMED AL-SHEIKH
Publication: Concrete Research Letters, June 2014
Review: In this paper an experimental works conducted to study the
behavior of RC beam with different shapes of opening with varying
diameters at different locations. This paper presents the behavior of RC
beam with opening unstrengthened by additional reinforcement. In
this experimental study 27 beams were casted, one beam (BN) without
opening as a control beam and the remaining beams were provided
with opening. These beams were tested under four-point loading.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 The effect of size of opening with different locations was studied in


terms of ultimate failure load, maximum deflection and failure
mode. From the test results, it could be concluded that the ultimate
load carrying capacity of the RC beam at shear zone with opening
was maximum reduction but at flexure zone, it showed minimum
reduction.
 Rectangular opening increased the ultimate load reduction than
square opening by (4%), while the circular opening reduced the
ultimate load reduction than square opening by (8%).
LITERATURE REVIEW

TITLE: ENHANCEMENT OF CIRCULAR CUT OUT IN HIGH STRENGTH RC


DEEP BEAM USING CFRP
Author: Alaa alsaad, Abduljalil sulaiman, Jaafar mohammed
Publication: ACE 2015
Review: this paper presents the result of an experimental investigation
of the using of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) to enhance
the high strength reinforced concrete (RC) deep beam in case of
creating a circular cutout throughout its web. A set of 5 specimens
were grouped and investigated to evaluate the structural behavior in
terms of shear strength capacity and deflection. The specimens were
1200 mm long with rectangular cross-section of 100x500 mm.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 Two symmetric circular cutouts of 150mm diameter were made at


mid-point of each shear span. CFRP strips were installed around the
cutouts in three different configurations in order to enhance the
cutout zone.
 The results of this experimental work showed that the diagonal
configuration of CFRP strips around the cutout was the best one, as
the ultimate shear strength ratio with respect to control solid beam
was 0.97, while it was 0.86 for control beam with cutouts.
 A significant positive effect was observed on the deflection for the
beams that enhanced with CFRP strips.
LITERATURE REVIEW

TITLE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CRACK PATTERNS ON REINFORCED


CONCRETE BEAM
Author: T Krishna Thulasi, S Subathra, T P Meikandaan
Publication: International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) March 2018
Review: Concrete cracks are caused by overloading, corrosion,
shrinkage or poor workmanship. When looking at a specific cracking
pattern or defect in concrete, sometimes the causes can be
attributed to a specific reason other times the pattern may have
multiple causes leading to its current state.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 In better understanding some of the causes of concrete cracks as


well as different cracking pattern types, engineer, construction
managers, and other may be able to avoid major structural
catastrophes.
 In this experimental study, around 6 beam specimens of M20 is cast,
Beam size of 1500 x 100 x 200 millimetre.
 During loading the pattern of cracks i.e., initial cracks and the crack
propagation is studied. Flexure and Shear crack is studied. The
ultimate capacity of beam is also studied.
LITERATURE REVIEW

TITLE: BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS


WITH LARGE OPENINGS
Author: Stefan Ehmann and Martina Schnellenbach-Held
Publication: Swets & Zeitlinger publishers 2001
Review: Concrete beams with large openings are often designed in a
simple and global way ignoring a lot of important parameters. In order
to identify and assess these parameters a comprehensive study using
the Finite Element Method with nonlinear material properties simulating
an innovative testing scheme has been performed.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 The main focus lays on openings located in areas with high shear
stresses. For such openings little information is available.
 The presented results will show that the design of beams with large
openings can be done in a more reliable way in the future.
 A practical design concept will be developed which fits the
ultimate and the serviceability limit state.
LITERATURE REVIEW

TITLE: DESIGN AGAINST CRACKING AT OPENINGS IN PRESTRESSED


CONCRETE BEAMS
Author: Hany Abdalla, John B. Kennedy
Publication: PCI Journal November-December 1995
Review: Web openings in beams occur quite often in practice to
provide convenient passage of electrical and mechanical conduits. In
this paper, the analysis and design against cracking of simply
supported prestressed concrete beams with rectangular openings are
presented.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 Several design parameters are varied, including opening width and


depth, horizontal and vertical locations of the opening, type of
cross section, and amount and arrangement of reinforcement
around the opening.
 The results from a finite element analysis are substantiated by test
results. A simple design method for estimating the cracking load for
the different crack patterns is proposed and two illustrative design
examples are presented.
LITERATURE REVIEW

TITLE: EFFECT OF SMALL CIRCULAR OPENING ON THE SHEAR AND


FLEXTURAL BEHAVIOR AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE BEAMS USING NORMAL AND HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
Author: Javad Vaseghi Amiri, Morteza Hosseinalibygie
Publication: 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
Vancouver, Canada, August 2004
Review: In this investigation the effect of small circular opening on the
shear and flexural and ultimate strength of beams made by normal
and high strength concrete have been studied.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 The main factors of this test are the changes of diameter, the
position of opening and the type and location of reinforcement
around the opening and changes in the strength of concrete.
 In this investigation 9 beams by using normal concrete and 5 beams
by using high strength concrete were made and tested.
 One beam was solid and filled with normal concrete and was used
as reference for comparison with other beams with an opening.
 The testing beams have been loaded as simple beam with two
concentrated and symmetrical load.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 In the beams made of ordinary concrete, when the diameter of


opening exceeded the 1.3 of depth of the beam, the reduction of
ultimate strength increased and patterned of cracking as well as
mode of failure of the beam changed.
 The effect of concrete strength depended on parameters such as
diameter and the position of opening.
 In order to control the cracks and restrain their width, it is better to
use diagonal shear reinforcement.
 For increasing the ultimate shear strength of the beam usage of
diagonal reinforcement and stirrups in top and bottom of opening is
recommended. At the end the results of tests were compared with
equation of some codes.
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

 The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of web


openings on the behavior of reinforced concrete shallow and deep
beams, simple and continuous considering the effects of different
parameters such as size, shape and location of openings, web
reinforcement, shear span to depth ratio and concrete strength.
 Finite Element analysis will be done using ABAQUS software.
METHODOLOGY

 Literature review
 Formulation of design method
 Illustrative problem
 Results
 conclusion
REFERENCES

 Sciencedirect.com
 Academia.edu
 Researchgate.net
 Sci-hub

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