COMPUTER

HARDWARE
 Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
 Microprocessor Basics
WMSU  Components of Data Processing
 I/O Components

 Storage Components
 Classification of Computers
Data Representation and
Digital Electronics

• Data Representation
–Converts text, sounds, and images into electrical signals

• Digital Electronics
–Manipulates simple “on” and “off” signals to perform complex
tasks
Data Representation and
Digital Electronics

• Digital Data Representation

–Digital Device
•Works with discrete - distinct or separate - data or digits, such as 1
and 0
–Analog Device
•Works with continuous data
Data Representation and
Digital Electronics

–Numeric Data
•Used in arithmetic operations
–Binary Number System
•Has only two (2) digits : 0 and 1
•Allows computers to represent virtually any number simply by
using 0s and 1s
•Conveniently translates into electrical “on” and “off” signals
Data Representation and
Digital Electronics

– Character Data
• Consists of letters, symbols, and numerals not used in
arithmetic calculations
• Represented by a series of bits in a digital computer
Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
• Digital Electronics
–Bit
•Binary digit
•Abbreviated as a lowercase “b”
–Byte
•Composed of eight (8) bits
•Abbreviated as an uppercase “B”
–Nibble
•Composed of four (4) bits
•A halfway between a little bit and a big byte
Data Representation and
Digital Electronics

–Motherboard
•Also known as main
board
•The computer’s main
circuit board
•Houses all essential
chips
•Provides connecting
circuitry between chips
Microprocessor Basics

• Microprocessor
–Sometimes known as processor
–An integrated circuit designed to process instructions
–The most significant component of computer
–Usually the most expensive single component
–Executes instructions provided by a computer program
Microprocessor Basics

• Instruction Set
–List of instructions that a microprocessor can perform
–Hardwired into the processor’s circuitry comprising of basic
arithmetic and logical operations, fetching data, and clearing
registers
• Memory
–The electronic that holds place for instructions and data which the
microprocessors can reach quickly
Components of Data Processing

• Data Processing
–A technique of collecting, manipulating, and distributing data to
achieve certain functions
–Convert raw data into information for decision making
Components of Data Processing

–Computer Systems
•A collection of objects,
procedures, or
techniques that
interact in regulated
manner to form an
organized whole
Components of Data Processing
–Central Processing Unit (CPU)
•integrates and coordinates overall operations
•composed of three (3) units:
Components of Data Processing

–Input/Output Subsystem
•Provides the mechanism for communications between the CPU
and the outside world
•Input subsystem - reads data and converts them into electronic
pulses
•Output subsystem - reports the results of the processing by the
CPU
Components of Data Processing
–Memory Subsystem
•also known as the “secondary storage”
•allows for extra data storage, exceeding the CPU’s primary
storage
•an efficient and compact means of sorting large amount of data,
ready for retrieval or further processing
•retrieval time is slower than the primary storage
I/O Components
• Common I/O Peripherals

–Keyboard

–Mouse

–Monitor
I/O Components

–Hard Disk

–Printer
I/O Components

• Other I/O Peripherals

–CD/DVD-ROM Drive

–Modem
I/O Components

–Sound Card

–Scanner
Storage Components

• Memory
–Random Access Memory (RAM)
•Allows instructions and data to be stored, changed and
retrieved by the user
–Read Only Memory (ROM)
•Allows only readout capability
Storage Components
• Mass Storage Components

–Floppy Disks

–Compact Disc

–Digital Versatile Disc

–Zip Disk
Classification of Computers
• Microcomputers
–Small desktop systems with limited I/O devices
• Minicomputer
–A general-purpose computing device
• Mainframe
–A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting
thousands of users simultaneously
Classification of Computers
• Desktop PCs
–Medium sized computers
–Relatively inexpensive and designed for individual users
• Supercomputers
–Fastest type of computers
–Employed for specialized applications
•Weather forecasting
•Animated graphics
•Fluid dynamic calculations
•Nuclear energy research
 COMPUTER
HARDWARE
 Data Representation and
Digital Electronics
 Microprocessor Basics
WMSU  Components of Data Processing
 I/O Components

 Storage Components
 Classification of Computers