Solutions!

Classification of Matter

Matter
Pure
Mixtures
Substances
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Elements Compounds
Mixtures Mixtures
 Heterogeneous Mixtures
• See visibly different regions
– Granite
– Dirt
– Cereals
– Oil & Vinegar
• See a boundary
– Ice cube in water
 Homogeneous Mixtures
(SOLUTIONS)
• Particles very small – on atomic scale
– Can’t see particles
– Can’t sort particles
– Can’t get trapped by filter
– Can’t scatter light
• Particles evenly distributed
• Particles do not separate
 CuSO4(aq)

Which is a solution & how do you know?

 Solution
Homogeneous mixture of 2 or
more substances in a single
physical state (phase)
 FINDING
CONCENTRAION:
We can measure
how much HCl,
NaHCO3, PbNO3 is
mixed with the
water…
 Concentration: measurement that
describes how much solute is in
given amount of solvent or solution
• NOTE: Many, many different units to
express concentration - Pick the unit by
the task at hand
 Percent
• By mass • By volume

mass (solute) x 100% volume (solute) x 100%

mass (solution) volume (solution)
• Mass solution = Mass solute + Mass solvent
 PPM (parts per million)
• PPM = grams solute X 1,000,000
grams solution
• used when solute is present in very small
amounts (The Regents don’t follow this rule)
• like % except you multiply by 1,000,000
instead of 100
LET’S PRACTICE:
About 0.0043 g of O2 can be dissolved in
100 mL of water at 20oC. Express in ppm.
[Memorize: 1 mL water has mass of 1 g]
• What is the solvent?
• Water
• How much solvent is there?
• 100 mL = 100 g
• How much solute is there?
• 0.0043g
• How much is the total solution?
• 100 g + .0043 g = 100.0043g
LET’S PRACTICE:
About 0.0043 g of O2 can be dissolved in
100 mL of water at 20oC. Express in ppm.
[Memorize: 1 mL water has mass of 1 g]

THE EQUATION

ppm = 0.0043g X 1,000,000

100.0043g

ppm = 43 ppm
NOW YOU TRY:
CO2 gas has solubility of
0.0972 g/100 g water at 40oC;
Express in parts per million
ppm = 0.0972 g solute X 1,000,000
100.0972 g solution

= 971 ppm
HERE’S ANOTHER:
What is the concentration in ppm of a
solution with 30.0 g NaNO3 in
70.0 g water?
ppm = 30.0 g NaNO3 X 1,000,000
100.0 g solution

= 300,000 = 3.0 X 105 ppm

LAST ONE:
How many grams of KOH are needed
to be dissolved in water to make
2000.0 grams of a 10.0 ppm solution?
10 ppm = X grams KOH X 1,000,000
2000.0 g solution

X = 0.02 grams KOH