Descriptive Statistics:

Ungrouped Data
Lecture 2: Data Analytics
Week 1 - 2
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Differentiate the two types of statistics.

 Know grouped and ungrouped data.
 Identify and explain the different statistical measures.
 Solve problems involving the different statistical measures and interpret
the computed values.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

 The processing of statistical information has a history that extends back to the
beginning of mankind. In early Biblical times, nations compiled statistical data to
provide descriptive information relative to all sort of things, such as taxes, wars,
agricultural crops, and even athletic events. Today with the development of probability
theory, we are able to use statistical methods that not only describe important features
of the data but methods that allow us to proceed beyond the collected data into the area
of decision making through generalizations and predictions.

STATISTICAL METHOD are those procedures used in the data

collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Categories / Branches

1. Descriptive Statistics
Those methods concerned with collecting and describing a
set of data as to yield meaningful information.
2. Statistical Inference
Those methods concerned with the analysis of a subset of
data leading to predictions or inferences about the entire
set of data.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Categories / Branches

What branch of statistics???????

1. Academic records of the graduating class during the past five years at state
university show that 72% of the entering freshmen eventually graduated.

2. If you are a member of the present freshmen class and conclude from this
study that your chances of graduating are better than 70%
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Groupings of Data

Note:

 Ungrouped Data – data which usually consists of less than 30 samples

 Grouped Data – data consisting of 30 or more samples

 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Important Statistical Measure

1. Measure of Central Tendency or Central Location

2. Measure of Variability or Dispersion
3. Measure of Position
4. Measure of Shape
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Central Tendency or Central Location

1. Measure of Central Tendency or Central Location

Central Tendency is the point about which the scores tend to

cluster, a sort of average in the series. It is the center of
concentration of scores in any set of data. It is a single number
which represents the general level of performance of a group.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Central Tendency or Central Location
(Ungrouped Data)

a. Mean. The arithmetic average of all the scores or group of

scores in a distribution

Example: The number of employees at five different drugstores are 3, 5, 6, 4,

and 6. Treating data as population, find the mean number employees for the
stores.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Central Tendency or Central Location
(Ungrouped Data)

a.1. Sample Mean.

Example: A food inspector examined a
random sample of 7 cans of a certain
brand of tuna to determine the percent
of foreign impurities. The following
were recorded: 1.8, 2.1, 1.6, 0.9, 2.7
and 1.8. Compute the sample mean.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Central Tendency or Central Location
(Ungrouped Data)

b. Median. The b.1. If the number of data is odd:

middle value of the
set of observations
arranged in an
increasing or
Example: The nicotine contents for a random
decreasing order. sample of 6 cigarettes of a certain brand are found to
be 2.3, 2.7, 2.5, 2.9, 3.1 and 1.9 milligrams. Find the
median.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Central Tendency or Central Location
(Ungrouped Data)

b. Median. The b.1. If the number of data is even:

middle value of the
set of observations
arranged in an
increasing or
Example: On a five term test in EngProb, a student
decreasing order. has made grades of 90, 85, 78, 89 and 93. Find the
median for this population grades.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Central Tendency or Central Location
(Ungrouped Data)

c. Mode. The value which occurs most often or with the greatest
frequency.
 Non-modal
 Unimodal
 Bimodal
 Multimodal
Example: If the donations from the residents of Fairway Forest toward Virginia
Lung Association are recorded as 9, 10, 9, 9, 7, 8, 6, 10 and 11 dollars. What is
the mode.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Variability or Dispersion
(Ungrouped Data)

2. Measures of Variability.
Measures of dispersion are important for describing the spread of
the data, or its variation around a central value.
a. Range
b. Variance
c. Standard Deviation
d. Mean Deviation
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Variability or Dispersion
(Ungrouped Data)

2.1. Range. The difference between the largest and smallest number in
the set.

R = Hscore - Lscore

Example:
The IQs of five members of a family are 113, 123, 132, 117 and 128. Find the
range.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Variability or Dispersion
(Ungrouped Data)

2.2.a. Population Variance.

Example:
The following scores were
given by 6 judges for a gymnast’s
performance in the balancing
beam of an international meet: 9,
6, 7, 5, 8, and 6. Find the variance
of the population.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Variability or Dispersion
(Ungrouped Data)

2.2.b. Sample Variance. Example:

A comparison of the coffee prices
at four randomly selected grocery
stores in San Diego showed increases
from the previous month of the 29,
34, 27, and 25 pesos for a 200 gram
jar. Find the variance of this random
sample of price increase.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Variability or Dispersion
(Ungrouped Data)

2.3. Standard Deviation.

 The square root of the sample variance.
 Defined so that it can be used to make inferences about the
population variance.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Variability or Dispersion
(Ungrouped Data)

2.4. Mean Deviation.

 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Position
(Ungrouped Data)

3.1. Percentile. Divides the data into 100 equal parts.

3.2. Decile. Divides the data into 10 equal parts.

3.3. Quartile. Divides the data into 4 equal parts.

 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS:
Measure of Position
(Ungrouped Data)

Percentile Deviation:

Decile Deviation:

Quartile Deviation: