Major Topics

History of Computer
Generation of Computers
Computer Applications
Computer
Personal Computer Systems
Computer Terminologies
 What is
COMPUTER?
 Computer
is an electronic device that
can perform simplex and
complex computations.

device that can only

understand numbers.
 Main Process of Computer

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK
 History of Computer
Abacus
ultimate ancestor of today’s computers
the arithmetic tool of early merchants
used to aid in handling
 numerical/logical
 computations
 History of Computer
Charles Babbage
 “Father of Computing”
 invented the Analytical and
Difference Engines 1791 - 1871

 born on December 26, 1791

in Teignmouth, Devonshire
in the UK
 History of Computer
Difference Engine
• was based on the Method of Differences
• was powered by steam
• embodied the basic concepts and
elements of a modern general-purpose
computer
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
History of Computer
 utilized I/O media called Jacquard’s
punched cards
punch cards are used for storing operating
instructions (programs), and would have been able
to store around 1,000 numbers of up to 50 decimal
places

 also allowed output devices for

displaying results
Analytical Engine
 Generation of Computers
The First Generation
were based on the use of wired circuits
containing vacuum tubes
utilized punch cards as the main storage
medium
designed for a specific task
 The First
Generation
 Generation of Computers

 Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC), a hulk of
machinery consist of
18,000 vacuum tubes,
70,000 resistors, and 5
million soldered joints, and
occupied a space equal to
a small warehouse
 Generation of Computers
The First Generation
Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer
(EDVAC)
a pioneer in implementing
von Neumann’s architecture,
the key to which was the
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
which allowed all computer
functions to be coordinated
through a single source
 Generation of Computers

The Second Generation

 development of the “transistor”
 smaller size and increased reliability
 faster and more energy-efficient than their predecessors
 used “assembly language”
The Second
Generation
 Generation of Computers

The Third Generation

“integration”
the first integrated circuit
(IC) was invented
independently by Jack
Kilby and Robert Noyce
 The Third
Generation
 Generation of Computers
The Fourth Generation
development of user-
friendly software packages
very-large-scale-integration
(VLSI)
ultra-large-scale-integration
(ULSI)
The Fourth
Generation
 Generation of Computers
The Fifth Generation
artificial intelligence
expert systems
natural language processing
 Computer Applications
Business
computers are used to store
information, provide easy interface
with customers, and facilitate
processing and presentation of data
Mathematics and Science
Watson and Crick’s discovery of the
structure of the DNA
 Computer Applications
Engineering
degrees of miniaturization and
integration have multiplied n-
fold
Medicine
more reliable artificial hearts
are being offered to those with
heart problems
 Computer Applications
Education
ease of use in the creation of
presentation materials and
documents
Entertainment
interactive games and virtual
simulations, computer-generated
effects
 Computer
What is a Computer?
a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and
produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions

Information Processing Cycle

• accepts data – input
• processes data – processing
• produces output – output
• stores results – storage
 Computer

Basic Terms
 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 Information
 Default
Hardware
Software
DATA and INFORMATION
Default
 Computer

Types of Computer
 Workstations
 Palmtop / Handheld
 Tablet PC
 Main Frame
Classification
of
Computers
 Classification of Computers
There are several ways of classifying computers –
according to size, speed, computing compatibility or
general application.

a.Microcomputers
b.Minicomputers
c.Mainframes
d.Supercomputers
 Microcomputers
These are the most common type of
computers used by people today, whether in a
workplace, at school or on the desk at home.
The term “microcomputer” was introduced
with the advent of single chip microprocessors.

These are small desktop systems with

limited I/O devices usually only a keyboard,
mouse, disk storage, and a monitor for output.
Computers in this category are suitable for
small businesses and domestic use.
 Microcomputers
• Desktop computers – A case and a display, put under and on a desk.
• In-car computers (“carputers”) – Built into a car, for entertainment, navigation,
etc.
• Game consoles – Fixed computers specialized for entertainment purposes (video
games).
• Laptops, notebook computers and Palmtop computers – Portable and all in one
case. Varying sizes, but other than smartbooks expected to be “full” computers
without limitations.
• Tablet computer – Like laptops, but with a touch-screen, sometimes entirely
replacing the physical keyboard.
• Smartphones, smartbooks and PDAs (personal digital assistants) – Small
handheld computers with limited hardware.
• Programmable calculator– Like small handhelds, but specialized on
mathematical work.
• Handheld game consoles – The same as game consoles, but small and portable.
Microcomputers
Microcomputer
 Minicomputer
A minicomputer is a general – purpose computing
device, either-rack-mounted or small enough to fit in a
desktop.
A minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a class of multi-
user computers that lies in the middle range of the
computing spectrum, in between the smallest multi-
user systems (mainframe computers) and the largest
single-user systems (microcomputers or personal
computers). The contemporary term for this class of
system is midrange computer, such as the higher-end
SPARC, POWER and Itanium -based systems from
Oracle Corporation, IBM and Hewlett-Packard. E.g.-
Laboratory computers
Minicomputer
 Mainframe
A very large and expensive
computer capable of supporting
hundreds, or even thousands, of users
simultaneously. It is able to support
many simultaneous programs at high
computing speed.
Mainframe
 Supercomputers
It is the fastest type of computers. These are very
expensive and are employed for specialized
applications that require heavy mathematical
calculations that smaller computers may not be able to
do.

Examples:
• Weather Forecasting Computers
Supercomputers
 Personal Computer Systems
computer system
• refers to a computer and all of the input, output, and storage
devices that are connected to it
• Input Devices
• Keyboard
• Pointing Devices
• Scanner
• Digital Cameras
• Microphone
• CD/DVD ROM
Input Devices
 Personal Computer Systems
• Output Devices
Monitors / Display Devices
• CRT
• LCD
• LED
Printer
• Dot Matrix
• Ink Jet
• Laser
Speakers
CD Writers
Output Devices
Output Devices
Output Devices
 Personal Computer Systems
Storage Devices
• Computer System Unit
• Hard Disk Drive
• Solid State Drive
• Floppy Disk Drive
• CD / DVD
• Flash Drives
Storage Devices
 Input Computer Terminologies
 Processing
 Data  Computer Program
 Information  Software
 bit  Central Processing Unit
 byte  Memory
 character  Storage
 File  Output
 Data file
 Executable file
 Computer Terminologies

• Information Size Measurements

• Kilobyte (KB)
• Megabyte (MB)
• Gigabyte (GB)
• Terabyte (TB)