Solution to First

COE0019
Differential Equations

Order, First
Degree
Differential
Equations
01 LESSON #1
Variable Separable

Solution to First Order, First Degree Differential Equations

Separation of Variables
In the solution of an ordinary first-ordered DE, the simplest is the one in which the variables,
say x and y, can be separated.

The General Form of First Order, First Degree DE is given below,

Equation 1.0

where,

M and N are both functions of x and y

Variable Separable DE
Separation of Variables
The General Form of First Order, First Degree DE is given below,

A. Variable Separable DE

1. Write in the form (if it can be written)

2. Separate the variables by multiplying

Variable Separable DE
Separation of Variables
The General Form of First Order, First Degree DE is given
below,

A. Variable Separable DE

3. Variables are separated (Integrate)

where,
4. The General Solution Model will be
C = function of constants
i.e.
C = ½ C = -2C = c2 = ln C = eC

Variable Separable DE
Examples
Example:
Example:
1. x(4+y )dx -
2
4. Find the particular solution of
ANS. 2- ) = C
2. Sin x Sin y + Cos x Cos y dy = 0 when x= 2 and y = -2.
ANS. Sin y = c*Cos x ANS.
3. xy3dx + = 0
ANS. + = C

Variable Separable DE
02 LESSON #2
Homogeneous Differential Equations

Solution to First Order, First Degree DE

Homogeneous Differential
Equations
• second method of solving ordinary first-ordered DE

• two related substitution methods are shown on how to work on special type of equation

• we’ll be using a third variable in the solution of the equation to reduce it into a variable
separable DE.

Homogeneous DE
Homogeneous Differential
Equations
The function f(x,y) is said to be homogeneous of degree n if there exists a constant n such
that for every quantity r (whether a constant or a variable)

Mathematically,

f(rx, ry) =rnf(x,y)

Homogeneous DE
Example
Test if the function is homogeneous

1. f(x,y) = 3x3 – 2xy2 – 4y3

ANS. homogeneous of degree 3

2. f(x,y) =
ANS. homogenous of degree zero

Homogeneous DE
Homogeneous Differential
Equations
The first-ordered differential equation

is said to be homogeneous DE of degree “n” if

and

such that M and N are of the same degree of homogeneity.

Homogeneous DE
Homogeneous Differential
Equations
Solution:
1. Test if the DE is homogeneous

2. If yes, use the substitution

a.) (if N is simpler)
b.) (if M is simpler)

Homogeneous DE
Sample Problems
Find the solution for the following homogeneous DE:

1. (3x +2y)dx + 2xdy = 0

ANS. x(3x+4y) = C

2. (6x2 – 7y2)dx – 14xydy = 0

ANS. x(2x2 – 7y2) = C

3. xydx – (x+2y)2dy = 0
ANS. - ln y3 (x +y) = C

Homogeneous DE
03 LESSON #3
Exact Differential Equations

Solution to First Order, First Degree DE

Exact Differential Equations
If there exist a function F(x,y) such that its total differential dF is exactly equal to the (left
side) of the first-ordered differential equation, that is,

Equation 3.0

Then, the (general form of) first-ordered DE is said to be an exact differential equation.

Moreover, dF = 0

The solution, therefore, to an exact differential equation is simply

Equation 3.1

Exact Differential Equation

Exact Differential Equations
To determine the sufficient condition/s for exactness, we proceed as follows:

i. Note from elementary calculus that for the function of two variables F(x, y), the total
differential is given as,

Equation 3.2
Comparison of equations 3.0 and 3.2 shows that

Equation 3.3a

Equation 3.3b

Exact Differential Equation

Exact Differential Equations
To determine the sufficient condition/s for exactness, we proceed as follows:

ii. Consider now the mixed derivatives of the equation 3.3a and 3.3b,

Equation 3.4a

iii. Recall that in calculus, the mixed derivatives of F(x, y) have beenEquation
shown3.4b
invariant with
respect to the order of differentiation, or

Equation 3.5

Exact Differential Equation

Exact Differential Equations
To determine the sufficient condition/s for exactness, we proceed as follows:

And so, with the equations 3.4a, 3.4b, and 3.5, we have

Equation 3.6

The differential equation is said to be exact if

Exact Differential Equation

Sample Problems
Find the solution to the Exact DE

1. (x2 + y2)dx + 2xydy = 0

ANS. x3 + 3xy2 = C

2. (cos2y – 3x2y2)dx + (cos2y – 2xsin2y – 2x3y)dy = 0

ANS. xCos2y – x3y2 + Sin2y = C

Exact Differential Equation

04 LESSON #4
Non-Exact Differential Equation

Solution to First Order, First Degree Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Integrating Factors
The solution to special cases of non-exact equations: The concept of integrating factors

In the differential equation,

Equation 4.0
If

then, the equation is said to be non-exact.

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Integrating Factors
It is, however, possible for some few special cases that multiplication of each term in
equation 4.0 by a function will reduce it to an exact differential equation, or,

Equation 4.1
such that,
Equation 4.2
where,

is called as the integrating factor

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
The few special cases here the determination of the integrating factor, are relatively simple,
and are the following:

CASE 1. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

CASE 2. When the integrating factor is a function of y alone, or

CASE 3. When the integrating factor is the product of powers of the variables x and y,
or

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
From equation 4.2,

The expansion gives,

Equation 4.3

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 1. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

In this case where the integrating factor is a function of x alone, equation 4.3 reduces to

Since = 0 Equation 4.4

The equation can now be rearranged into

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 1. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

The equation can now be rearranged into

but Equation 4.4

since,

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 1. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

Then, separating variables

Remark: Equation 4.5

The integrating factor , is possible only if in equation 4.5,

Otherwise,
Equation 4.6

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 1. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

If equation 4.6 is satisfied, that is

Then by integration,

Equation 4.7

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Sample Problem
Find the complete solution of

Ans.

Case 1:
Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 2. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

In this case where the integrating factor is a function of x alone, equation 4.3 reduces to

Since = 0

The equation can now be rearranged into

Equation 4.8

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 2. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

The equation can now be rearranged into

but Equation 4.9

since,

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 2. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

Then, separating variables

Remark: Equation 4.10

The integrating factor , is possible only if in equation 4.5,

Otherwise,
Equation 4.11

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 2. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

If equation 4.11 is satisfied, that is

Then by integration,

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Sample Problem
Find the general solution of

Ans.

Case 2:
Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 3. When the integrating factor has the form

If the integrating factor has the form

Equation 4.12
then, differentiating equation 4.12

Equation 4.13
and,

Equation 4.14

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 3. When the integrating factor has the form

Referring to the equation,

Substitute values of equations 4.13 and 4,14,

Divide each term by , and simplify

Equation 4.15

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Non-Exact Differential Equations:
Determination of Integrating
Factors
CASE 3. When the integrating factor has the form

REMARK:
Equation 4.15 gives no assurance of yielding the values of the constants m and n. However,
if the terms at the left side are similar to those at the right side, then it is possible to
determine the values of m and n by comparison.
‘

Non-Exact Differential Equation

Sample Problem
Find the complete solution of

Ans.

Case 3:
Integrating Factors Determined by
Inspection
There are some differential equation which are very simple enough to enable the
determination of the integrating factors by inspection. This is based on the ability to
recognize certain integrable combinations commonly occurring in the equations.’

Integrating Factors
Integrating Factors Determined by
Inspection
Some integrable combinations which are commonly encountered in differential equations.

Integrating Factors
Sample Problems
1. Find the complete solution of
ans.
2. Find the solution of
ans.
3. Find the complete solution of

ans.

Integrating Factors Determined by Inspection

05 LESSON #5
First Order Linear Differential Equation in
One Variable

Solution to First Order, First Degree Differential Equation

First-Ordered Linear Differential
Equations
The solution to a differential equation which is linear in the dependent variable and of the
first order in the derivative will be discussed.

The solution to this type of equation is actually with the aid of the integrating factor as
applied in the special cases of non-exact equations.

First-Ordered Linear Equations

First-Ordered Linear Differential
Equations
The standard form of a linear differential equation of the first order, is written in the following
manner:

Equation 5.0
where,
P and Q are both functions of x

REMARK:
Note that equation 5.0 is linear in the dependent variable y, and first order in the derivative
of y relative to x. Where the dependent variable is x, the standard form will be,

Equation 5.1

First-Ordered Linear Equations

First-Ordered Linear Differential
Equations
The solution of equation 5.0, using integrating factor is as follows:

Write the equation in the form, Equation 5.0

Note that this is not a exact equation since,

And,

First-Ordered Linear Equations

First-Ordered Linear Differential
Equations
Try CASE 1. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone, or

Therefore,

And the integrating factor is

First-Ordered Linear Differential Equations

First-Ordered Linear Differential
Equations
Multiply each term by the integrating factor to obtain,

Where,

Expand and simplify to give,

NOTE:
The left side of this equation is the exact differential of

First-Ordered Linear Differential Equations

First-Ordered Linear Differential
Equations
Multiply each term by the integrating factor to obtain,

Integrate to give,

Or simply,

Where,

First-Ordered Linear Differential Equations

First-Ordered Linear Differential
Equations
1. Find the solution to the differential equation,

ANS. xy = 3(x - 1) + Cexp(-x)

2. Find the particular solution to the differential equation,

ANS. x = 3y2 lny +1

First-Ordered Linear Differential Equations

06 LESSON #6
The Bernoulli Equation

Solution to First Order, First Degree Differential Equation

The Bernoulli Equation
The solution to a non-linear equation of the first order: The Bernoulli Equation

Although this special type of equation is non-linear, it is reducible to a linear form by a

method of substitution.

The Bernoulli Equation

The Bernoulli Equation
The standard form of the Bernoulli Equation takes a form similar to that of the linear
differential equation of the first order. The main difference is on the factor y n contained at the
right side of the Bernoulli Equation which is,

Equation 6.0
NOTE:
If n = 0, this reduces to the standard form of a first-ordered linear equation
If n = 1, this reduces to a form where the variables are separable

The Bernoulli Equation

The Bernoulli Equation
Solution of the Bernoulli Equation:
Divide each term by yn

Equation 6.1
and let

So,

Therefore,

Equation 6.2

The Bernoulli Equation

 The Bernoulli Equation
Solution of the Bernoulli Equation:
Substituting Equation 6.2 and z to Equation 6.1,

Simplify to get,

Or,
where,

The Bernoulli Equation

Sample Problem
Find the complete solution of

ans.

Bernoulli Equation
 End of Lecture 2

Solution to First Order, First Degree DE