HYDRAULICS

ENGINEERING I
PROPERTIES OF FLUID| PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATICS| TOTAL
HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFCES|RELATIVE
EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS
 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
HYDRAULICS
It deals with the application of It is a physical science dealing
fluid mechanics to engineering with the action of fluids at rest or
devices involving liquids, usually in motion, and with applications
water or oil. and devices in engineering using
It also deals with such problems fluids.
as the flow of fluids through pipes
or in open channels, the design of
storage dams, pumps, and water
turbines, and with other devices
for the control or use of liquids,
such as nozzles, valves, jets and
flowmeters.
 FLUID MECHANICS

FLUID STATICS FLUID DYNAMICS

Deals with fluid at rest. Deals with fluid in motion.
 Fluids

Ideal Fluids Real Fluids

Non-
Newtonian
Newtonian
Fluids
Fluids

Pseudoplastic Delatant Bingham

Fluids Fluids Fluids
 MASS DENSITY
The density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume.

𝑴 Mass of fluid
𝝆= Volume of
𝑽
fluid
Units:
English : slugs/ft³ Note:
Metric : gram/cm³ 𝜌𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 = 𝜌𝑙𝑏𝑚 /𝑔
SI : kg/m³
 MASS DENSITY (IDEAL GAS)
The density can be found from the specific gas constant.

𝒑 Absolute pressure of gas in Pa

𝝆=
𝑹𝑻 Absolute temperature in °K
Gas Constant in Joule/kg- °K

Gas Constant: Absolute Temperature:

For air: R = 287 J/kg-°K °K = °C + 273
R = 1,716 lb-ft / slug - °R °R = °F +460
 SPECIFIC VOLUME
It is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid.
𝟏
𝑽𝒔 =
𝝆 Reciprocal
of Mass
Density
Units:
English : ft³/ slugs
Metric : cm³ / gram
SI : m³ / kg
 UNIT WEIGHT OR SPECIFIC WEIGHT
It is the weight of a unit volume of a fluid.

𝑾 Weight of fluid
𝜸= Volume of
𝑽
fluid
Units:
𝜸 =ρ g Acceleration due
to gravity English : lb/ft³
g = 9.81 m/s² Metric : dyne/cm³
SI : N/m³ or kN/m³
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
It is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s density to some
standard reference density.
𝝆𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 γ𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝒔. 𝒈. = =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 γ𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

For water at 4°C :

γ= 62.4 lb/ft³ ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft³ s.g. of water = 1.0
= 9.81 kN/m³ = 1000 kg/m³
 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
It determines the amount of fluid’s resistance to shearing
forces.
𝝉 Shear stress in Pa or
𝝁= lb/ft²
𝒅𝑽/𝒅𝒚
Dynamic/absolute viscosity in Pa - sec
or lb –sec /ft²

y = distance between the plates in ft or m

 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
It is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity to its mass density
𝝁 Absolute viscosity
𝝑=
𝝆 Mass density
 SURFACE TENSION
It is the membrane of “skin” that form on the free surface of
a fluid due to the intermolecular cohesive force.
Pressure inside a Droplet of
Liquid:
Pressure inside a Droplet of
𝟒𝜹
𝒑= Liquid:
𝒅 𝜹 = surface tension in N/m
d = diameter of the droplet in m
p = gage pressure in Pa
Capillarity (Capillary Action)
The name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-
bore tube.
where:
𝟒 𝜹 𝒄𝒐𝒔 Ɵ
𝒉= 𝒉 = capillary rise or depression in m
𝜸𝒅 γ = unit weight in N/m³
d = diameter of tube in m
𝟒𝜹
𝒉= 𝜹 = surface tension in Pa
𝜸𝒅
For complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the angle Ɵ is 0°
 COMPRESSIBILITY
Also known as coefficient of compressibility. It is the
fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit change in
pressure in a constant-temperature process.
∆𝑽 where:
− ∆𝑽 = change in volume
𝜷= 𝑽
∆𝒑 V= original volume
∆𝒑 = change in pressure
𝟏
𝜷= 𝒅𝑽/𝑽 = change in volume (usually in
𝑬𝑩 percent)
 BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to the

corresponding volume change per unit of volume.

∆𝒑
𝑬𝑩 =
∆𝑽
𝑽
 PRESSURE DISTURBANCES

Pressure disturbances imposed on a fluid move in waves. It

is also known as celerity of pressure wave.

𝑬𝑩 𝟏
𝒄= =
𝝆 𝜷𝝆
Example No. 1
A tank of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a
volume of 0.952 m³. Find its (a) weight, W (b) Unit
Weight, γ (c) Mass Density, ρ (d) Specific gravity, s.g.
Example No. 1 b. Unit weight

Solution: γ = 𝑊/𝑉
m = 1200 γ =
11.77 𝑘𝑁
0.952 𝑚³
kg
v = 0.952
γ = 12.36 kN/m³
m³
a. Weight c. Mass Density
W = mg ρ = 𝑀/𝑉
W = 1,200 kg · 9.81 m/s² 1200 𝑘𝑔
ρ=
W = 11772 N or 11.77 kN 0.952 𝑚³

ρ =1260.50 kg/m³
Example No. 1
d. Specific Gravity
𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 γ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
s.g. = s.g. =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 γ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

1260.50 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³ 12.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚³

s.g. = s.g. =
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³ 9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚³

s.g. = 1.26 s.g. = 1.26

Example No. 2
Find the mass density of helium at a temperature
of 4°C and a pressure of 184 kPa gage, if atmospheric
pressure is 101.92 kPa.
Example No. 2

Solution:
T = 4 °C p = Pgage + Patm
Pgage = 184 p = 184 kPa + 101.92
kPa kPa
Patm= 101.92 p = 285.92 kPa
kPa
p T = 4 °C + 273
ρ=
RT
T = 277 °K
p = Pgage + Patm
Example No. 2

Solution:
285.92 x 103 N/m²
ρ= J
287 · 277 °K
kg −°K

ρ = 3.597 kg/m³
Example No. 3
A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of
1 liter at a pressure of 1 Mpa and a volume of 0.995
liter at a pressure of 2 Mpa. The Bulk Modulus of
Elasticity of the liquid is:
Example No. 3

Solution:
∆p
V1 = 1 L EB =
∆V
V2 = 0.995 L V
P1 = 1 MPa (2 MPa − 1 MPa)
EB =
P2 = 2 MPa (0.995 L − 1 L)
1L

𝐄𝐁 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Example No. 4
If the viscosity of water at 70°C is 0.000402 Pa-s
and its specific gravity is 0.978, determine its
kinematic viscosity in m²/s.
Example No. 4

Solution:
μ
μ = 0.000402 Pa−s ν=
ρ
s.g. = 0.978
𝑁
0.000402 2 𝑠
ν= 𝑚
𝑘𝑔
1000 3 · 0.978
𝑚
−𝟕
𝐯 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟏 𝐱 𝟏𝟎
m²/s
Example No. 5
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a
capillary tube of diameter 3mm. Use 𝜎 = 0.0728N/m
and 𝛾= 9810 N/m³ for water. Note: 𝜃=90° for water
in clean tube.
Example No. 5

Solution:
4 · 0.0728 N/m
d = 3mm or 0.003m h=
9810 N/m3 · 0.003 m
σ = 0.0728 N/m
γ= 9810 N/m³ 𝐡 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗 𝐦
4σ
h=
γd
Example No. 6
What is the value of the surface tension of a small
drop of water 0.3mm in diameter which is in contact
with air if the pressure within the droplet is 561 Pa?
Example No. 6

Solution:
d = 0.3mm
p = 561 Pa or 561 N/m²
4σ
p=
d
4σ
561 N/m² =
1
(0.3mm)( )
1000
𝛔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝐍/𝐦