LECTURE Five

Agriculture Sector

Crops Livestock Fisheries Forestry

Total Area of Pakistan 79.6, Million Hectares

Remaining Area
Cultivated Area Cultivable Waste
Forests 5% 57% Consists of
27.7% 8.3%
Deserts, Mountains

Land utilization increased from 11.6 million hectares to 24.5

million hectares.
Currently it contributes 21% to GDP employs 44% of
Country`s labour force contributes 66% to export earnings. 1
 ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ECONOMY OF
PAKISTAN
(i) To provide food.
(ii) Transfer of surplus labour.
(a) New technology in agriculture sector reduces labour
force and surplus labour absorbed in industrial sector.
(b) Development of agriculture leaders to the growth of
industry.
(iii) Provision of capital .
(a) Tax on agriculture income.
(b) Purchase of agricultural commodities.
(c) Direct capital formation within the agriculture sector.
Example:- Local people take part in cleaning canals,
cleaning of land from bushes, development of orchards.
(d) Promoting Rural savings.
Example:- Encouraging farming community for saving.
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(iv) Source of foreign exchange earnings.
(v) Expansion in domestic demand.
Example:- Output increases, encourages income rapid
growth in use of input- it expands the production of
industry related to input.
(vi) Impact on rural welfare.
(a) Increasing production, raises the income improves
living conditions.
(vii) Contribution to growth.

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 REVIEW OF THE PAST PERFORMANCE OF
AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN

1. Progress in the agriculture sector 1947-53.

it was neglected.
Reasons:-
(a) Migration of people from India.
(b) Allotment of land to non-agricultural person.
(c) Lack of technological change.
(d) Emphasis was laid on the establishment of industries.
(e) Increase in water logging and salinity.
Created food shortage. Pakistan imported one million
tons of wheat in 1952.
The planning machinery realized that agriculture should
be encouraged along with industry.

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1. In the first five year plan (1955-60)
(a) Rapid food grain was essential to maintain food
security.
Again this sector was neglected
Reasons:-
(a) Lack of adequate institutional credit system.
(b) Absentee landlordism.
(c) Uneconomic holdings.
(d) Defective land tenure system.
These factors affected the agricultural productivity.
Progress:- The average annual growth achieved 1.3%
from 1955-58 population growth rate was 2.6%.
Target:- To achieve increasing food grains by 9% and
cash crops from 15 to 33%. Could not be achieved.
Food grains growth rate was achieved negligible and
cotton 2%.
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2. In the second five year plan (1960-65).
(a) To achieve self sufficiency in food grains.
(b) To expand output of cotton.
Measures:-
(a) To take steps for agrian reforms.
(b) To adopt modern technology.
(c) Provision of credit facilities to growers.
Results:- Output of food grains increased by 27%
against the target 21%.
The production of cotton increased by 33% against the
target 38%. The target of sugar cane was 34% and
achieved.

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3. Third five year plan (1965-70) .
(a) Grem Revolution was introduced in agriculture
sector.
(b) Abundance water and improved practices were used.
The output of various crops raised from 6.2% in 1965-66
to 11.7% in 1969-70.
4. Growth rate 1970-71-1976-77
It is declined from 4.5% in 1970-71 to 2.5% 1976-77
Factors:-
(a) Strained relations between the tenants and the land
lords.
(b) High prices of inputs.
(c) Increasing salinity and water logging.
(d) Heavy two floods.
(e) Pest and plant diseases.

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 Agriculture Growth Rate
Year Growth Rate Percent

1977-78 4.2
1982-83 4.9
1994-95 5.9
1995-96 6.7
1997-98 3.8
1998-99 1.9
1999-2000 6.1
2000-2001 2.2
2002-2003 4.1
2003-2004 2.3
2004-2005 6.7
2005-2006 1.6
2006-2007 5.6
2007-2008 1.8
2008-2009 3.5
2009-2010 0.2
2010-2011 2.0
2011-2012 3.5
2012-2013 3.3
2013-2014 2.1

Source:- Economic Survey of Pakistan 1979-80 and 2013-14 8

 Major Crops of Pakistan
Table 1
Area, Production and Yield of Wheat
Year Area in million Hectares Production Million tons Yield Kgms./HEC

1948-49 4.3 4.04 885

2009-10 9.13 23.31 2553
2010-11 8.9 25.21 2833
2011-12 8.7 23.47 2714
2012-13 8.7 24.23 2787
2013-14 9.0 24.28 2792

Wheat contributes 2.2% to GDP

Table 2
Area, Production and Yield of Rice
Year Area Million Hectors Production Million tons Yield Kgms./HEC

1948-49 0.84 0.75 885

2009-10 2.9 6.9 2387
2010-11 2.4 4.8 2039
2011-12 2.6 6.2 2396
2012-13 2.3 5.5 2253
2013-14 2.8 6.8 2412

Rice contributes 3.1% to GDP. Pakistan if fifth largest rice exporting

country in the world after Thailand, Vietnam, USA and India. 9
 Table 3
Area, Production and Yield of Cotton
Year Area Million Hectare Production Million Bales

1948-49 1.05 0.96

2009-10 3.1 1.3
2010-11 2.7 1.1
2011-12 2.8 1.4
2012-13 2.9 1.3
2013-14 2.8 1.3

Table 4
Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane
Year Cultivates Land in Million Production In Million Tons Yield Per Hector Tons
Hectors

1948-49 0.20 07.00 35.2

2005-06 0.91 44.66 49.2
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13 1.17 63.95 55.2

Sugarcane contributes 0.7% to GDP 10

 Agricultural production and its problems.

• Growth of agriculture in Pakistan is low as compared to

other countries.
• In advanced countries 2 to 4% population is directly
engaged in agriculture.
• In Pakistan about 60% of the rural population is
engaged.
• Productivity of per agricultural grower is about dollar
100 in a year.
• In advanced countries is from 2000 dollar to 2400 dollar.
• Production per hectare in agriculture of advanced
countries is six time more than Pakistan.

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 Courses of Low Productivity

(b) Institutional Factors.

(a) General Factors (i) Small Size of Land
(i) Over Crowding in Agriculture (ii) Defective Pattern of Land Tenure
(ii) Socio Economic Factors 1. Land Lords and Tenants
1. Conservative Outwork C. Technological Factors
2. Illiteracy 1. High Ratio of Labour on Land
(iii) Natural Factors 2. Under Utilization of Cultivable Land 27.7%
Cultivation Land.
1. Pest & Discuses
3. Inadequate Supply of Imports
2. Un-timley rain
4. Inadequate Agricultural Research
3. Floods
5. Poor Extension Service Programs
(iv) Inadequate Irrigation Facilities
6. Problem of Land Reform

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 Livestock

• Livestock population in Pakistan consists of.

(i) Buffaloes (ii) Cattle (iii) Goats (iv) Sheep (v) Poultry
• It is sub factor of agriculture sector.
• Pakistan is the 5th largest milk producer in the world.
• It contributed 11.8% GDP during 2013-14.
• 30.35 million rural population is engaged for lively hood
with it.

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 Importance of
Livestock

(i) Motor Power Nutritional Food

Raw Material for Contribution in Exports
(a) Agricultural (a) Milk Domestic Industry
Operation (a) Product of Animals
Meat
(b) Use for (b) Products of Industry
(c) Butter
Transport
(d) Cheese (a) Hides
(b) Skins
(c) Wool
(d) Animal Hair
(e) Bones
Industry

(a) Carpet
(b) Rugs
(c) Leather
(d) Footwear

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 SELF SUFFICIENT
Pakistan was self sufficient in milk, ghee, meat, leather and
other animal by products at the time of independence.

Problems

(i) Increasing Growth Increase Costly Improper Number of

Feeding of Price Low Veterinary Hospital
Rate of Population Slaughter of
Animals Animals
(a) Size of Farm (a) Insufficient
Holding Started to Treatment
Reduce (a) It Does
(b) Grazing Grounds Not Attract
(a) Reduce the (a) It Crates Villagers To
for Cattle Disappeared Number of Financial
Difficulties for Bread Milk
(c) Import Milk Animals Animals
Rural People

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 POULTRY
It provides a good substitute of beef and mutton. It
contributes 6.1% to agriculture. Employed about 1.5 million
people.
It contributes over 1/4th of the total meat production on the
country.

FISHERIES
• Sub-sector of agriculture.
• It contributes on an average about 0.4% to the total GDP and
2% to agriculture.
• About 4 thousand fishermen are engaged.
• Fisheries is the main economic actively of the coastal belt of
Sindh and Baluchistan.
• Responsible for management development and continuous
exploitation of the fisheries resources.
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 MINERAL RESOURCES
Mineral resources are the foundation of economic
development and are precious wealth of a country. These are
extracted from earth. The availability of these resources in
the country reduces the import of oil, chemicals etc.

Importance of Natural Gas

Used in Industry Consumption Reserves 55.6 Trillion

(a) To Produce Consumer
Goods
(b) To Produce Cement
(c) To General Electricity
(d) To Manufacture Fertilizer
(e) Transport Sector CNG
(a) Cement Sector 0.1% Cubic Feet
(b) Industrial Sector 22.6%
(c) Transport Sector (CNG)
8.2%
(d) Households 23.2%
(e) Fertilizer Industry 15.2%
(f) Power Sector 27.5%
(g) Commercial Sector 3.3%

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 Types

Coal
Compressed Natural
Liquefied Petrol Gas Gas 186 Billion Tons
(LPG) Including
(CNG)
Used Less Than 1% in 176 Billion Tons At
Those Areas Where Used In Vehicles
District Tharparkar
Natural Gas Facility
Is Not Available (a) Used 58%
Chemical Sector
(b) Brick Kilns
40.5%

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 Natural
Resources

Land Forests (Green Gold) Livestock Fisheries Mineral

Land Utilization:-
Total Land Area:- 79.7 million Hectares Land Utilization
increased from 11.63 million to 24.5 million hectares.
Forests:- About 5% of the total area.
Yield and Demand of Wood
1. Timber and firewood 1.29 million hectare.
2. Production:-
(a) Timber 336 Thousand cubic meters.
(b) Firewood 400 Thousand cubic meters.
(c) Demand Timber 2.4 million cubic meter.
(d) Firewood 16.7 million cubic meters.
Gap is to be met from private lands. 19
 Classification

Productive Role Social Role Protective Role

1. Productive Role.
i. Forests provide timber and firewood.
ii. They supply wood for industries.
a) Proper making.
b) Sports manufacturing.
c) Furniture industry.
d) Silk Industry.
iii. They provide medical herbs.
iv. Provide employment to millions of persons.
v. They attract tourist and earn foreign exchange.
vi. They are good breeding and conserving centers for birds
and wild animals. 20
2. Social Role.
i. The thick growth of forests store up rain water and allow
it to pass slowly. Thus forests help to control floods and
provide water throughout the year. Besides, the life and
property of the people is saved from floods.
ii. Provide beautiful scenery and holiday resorts.
iii. Provide purify air, rest and recreation areas, enjoyment,
reduced noise level and spiritual satisfaction.
3. Protective Role.
The thick growth of forest areas having importance from
defense point of view “They serve as a first line of
defense”.

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