4.

4
The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus

If a function is continuous on the closed interval [a, b],

then b

 f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)

a
where F is any function that F’(x) = f(x)  x in [a, b].


Examples

2
8  1 
2
x 3
 2
 ( x  3)dx   3x    6     3  
2

1
3  1  3   3  3
4
2 
4 3

4
2 3 x
 3 x dx  3 x dx    16  2  14
12
3 
1 1 1

4

 tan x 0 
 4
sec 2
xdx  1–0=1
0
 Integration with Absolute Value

 2 x 1dx 
0

We need to rewrite the integral 1

into two parts. 2

12 2

 2x 1 dx   2x 1 dx

0 12

 x  x   x  x 
2 12 2 2

0 12

 1 1 1 1 5
      (0  0)  (4  2)     
 4 2 4 2 2
Ex. Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x2 – 3x + 2,
the x-axis, x = 0, and x = 2.

2
A  2x 2
 3x  2 dx
0
2
3
2 x 3x  2
   2 x
3 2 0

16 10
 64 
3 3
 The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals

If f is continuous on [a, b], then  a number c in the

open interval (a, b) 
b
rectangle area is equal
 f ( x)dx  f (c)(b  a)
a
to actual area under curve.

a b a b a b
inscribed rectangle Mean Value rect. Circumscribed Rect
Find the value c guaranteed by the Mean Value Theorem for
Integrals for the function f(x) = x3 over [0, 2].
b

 f ( x)dx  f (c)(b  a)
a
2
2 x 
4

 4
 x dx  f (c)(2  0)
3
4 0
0
4 = 2c3 8

c3 = 2
c  2  1.2599
3
2
 Average Value

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the average value of

f on this interval is given by
b
1
f (c )  
ba a
f ( x)dx

Find the average value of f(x) = 3x2 – 2x on [1, 4].

4
1
  2 x)dx
2 40
(3 x
4 1 1

 x  x 1
1 3 2 4

3 16

 64  16  (1  1)
1 Ave. = 16
(1,1)
3
 16
 The Second Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus

If f is continuous on an open interval I containing a, then

for every x in the interval

d  x

  f (t )dt   f ( x)
dx  a 
Ex. Apply the Second Fund. Thm. of Calculus
x
d
  1 dt  x2 1
2
t
dx  2
0 x
d du d du 1

dx x 1  u 2
 
dx 0 1  u 2 
1 x2
 x3
Find the derivative of F(x) =  cos t dt
 2

Apply the second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

with the Chain Rule.

 cos x 3 3x 2 