Slides For Fuzzy Sets, Ch. 2 of Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing

Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets
Slides for Fuzzy Sets, Ch. 2 of

Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing
J.-S. Roger Jang (張智星)

CS Dept., Tsing Hua Univ., Taiwan
http://www.cs.nthu.edu.tw/~jang
jang@cs.nthu.edu.tw
Lofti Zadeh : The Father of Fuzzy Logic
2
Fuzzy Logic Applications

Automatic control of dam gates for hydroelectric-powerplants
(Tokio Electric Pow.)
Simplified control of robots
(Hirota, Fuji Electric, Toshiba, Omron)
Camera aiming for the telecast of sporting events
(Omron)
Substitution of an expert for the assessment of stock exchange
activities
(Yamaichi, Hitachi)
Preventing unwanted temperature fluctuations in air-conditioning
systems
(Mitsubishi, Sharp)
Compensation against vibrations in camcorders
(Matsushita)
Single button control for washing-machines
(Matsushita, Hitatchi)
Recognition of handwriting, objects, voice
(CSK, Hitachi, Hosai Univ., Ricoh)
3

Flight aid for helicopters
(Sugeno)
Simulation for legal proceedings
(Meihi Gakuin Univ, Nagoy Univ.)
Software-design for industrial processes
(Aptronix, Harima, Ishikawajima-OC Engeneering)
Controlling of machinery speed and temperature for steel-
works
(Kawasaki Steel, New-Nippon Steel, NKK)
Controlling of subway systems in order to improve driving
comfort, precision of halting and power economy
(Hitachi)
Improved fuel-consumption for automobiles
(NOK, Nippon Denki Tools)
Improved sensitiveness and efficiency for elevator control
(Fujitec, Hitachi, Toshiba)
Improved savety for nuklear reactors
4 (Hitachi, Bernard, Nuclear Fuel div.)

Efficient and stable control of car-engines
(Nissan)
Cruise-control for automobiles
(Nissan, Subaru)
Improved efficiency and optimized function of industrial
control applications
(Aptronix, Omron, Meiden, Sha, Micom, Mitsubishi,
Nisshin-Denki, Oku-Electronics)
Positioning of wafer-steppers in the production of
semiconductors
(Canon)
Optimized planning of bus time-tables
(Toshiba, Nippon-System, Keihan-Express)
Archiving system for documents
(Mitsubishi Elec.)
5

Prediction system for early recognition of earthquakes
(Inst. of Seismology Bureau of Metrology, Japan)
Medicine technology: cancer diagnosis
(Kawasaki Medical School)
Combination of Fuzzy Logic and Neural Nets
(Matsushita)
Recognition of handwritten symbols with pocket
computers
(Sony)
Recognition of motives in pictures with video cameras
(Canon, Minolta)
Automatic motor-control for vacuum cleaners with
recognition of surface condition and degree of soiling
(Matsushita)
Back light control for camcorders
(Sanyo)
6
Fuzzy Sets: Outline

Introduction
Basic definitions and terminology
Set-theoretic operations
MF formulation and parameterization
• MFs of one and two dimensions
• Derivatives of parameterized MFs
More on fuzzy union, intersection, and complement
• Fuzzy complement
• Fuzzy intersection and union
• Parameterized T-norm and T-conorm
7
Definition
Experts rely on common sense when they solve problems.
How can we represent expert knowledge that uses vague and

ambiguous terms in a computer?
Fuzzy logic is not logic that is fuzzy, but logic that is used to
describe fuzziness. Fuzzy logic is the theory of fuzzy sets,
sets that calibrate vagueness.
Fuzzy logic is based on the idea that all things admit of

degrees. Temperature, height, speed, distance, beauty – all
come on a sliding scale.
• The motor is running really hot.
• Tom is a very tall guy.
8
06th October Bogdan L. Vrusias 8
More Definitions
Fuzzy logic is a set of mathematical principles for knowledge
representation based on degrees of membership.
Unlike two-valued Boolean logic, fuzzy logic is multi-valued. It

deals with degrees of membership and degrees of truth.
Fuzzy logic uses the continuum of logical values between 0

(completely false) and 1 (completely true). Instead of just
black and white, it employs the spectrum of colours, accepting
that things can be partly true and partly false at the same time.
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1

(a) Boolean Logic. (b) Multi-valued Logic.
9
Fuzzy Sets
The concept of a set is fundamental to
mathematics.
However, our own language is also the

supreme expression of sets. For example, car
indicates the set of cars. When we say a car,
we mean one out of the set of cars.
The classical example in fuzzy sets is tall men.

The elements of the fuzzy set “tall men” are all
men, but their degrees of membership depend
10 on their height. (see table on next page)
Fuzzy Sets
Degree of Membership
Name Height, cm
Crisp Fuzzy
Chris 208 1 1.00
Mark 205 1 1.00
John 198 1 0.98
Tom 181 1 0.82
David 179 0 0.78
Mike 172 0 0.24
Bob 167 0 0.15
Steven 158 0 0.06
Bill 155 0 0.01
Peter 152 0 0.00
11
Crisp Vs Fuzzy Sets

Degree of
The x-axis represents the Membership
Crisp Sets
universe of discourse – the 1.0
range of all possible values 0.8

Tall Men
applicable to a chosen 0.6
variable. In our case, the 0.4
variable is the man height. 0.2

According to this 0.0
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
representation, the universe Height, cm
of men’s heights consists of Degree of
Membership Fuzzy Sets
all tall men. 1.0
0.8
The y-axis represents the
0.6
membership value of the
0.4
fuzzy set. In our case, the
fuzzy set of “tall men” maps 0.2
0.0
height values into 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
corresponding membership Height, cm
value
12
A Fuzzy Set has Fuzzy Boundaries

Let X be the universe of discourse and its
elements be denoted as x. In the classical set
theory, crisp set A of X is defined as function
fA(x) called the characteristic function of A:
1, if x  A
fA(x) : X  {0, 1}, where f A ( x)  
0, if x  A
This set maps universe X to a set of two

elements. For any element x of universe X,
characteristic function fA(x) is equal to 1 if x is
an element of set A, and is equal to 0 if x is not
13 an element of A.
A Fuzzy Set has Fuzzy Boundaries

In the fuzzy theory, fuzzy set A of universe X is defined by function
µA(x) called the membership function of set A
µA(x) : X  {0, 1}, where µA(x) = 1 if x is totally in A;

µA(x) = 0 if x is not in A;
0 < µA(x) < 1 if x is partly in A.
This set allows a continuum of possible choices. For any element x

of universe X, membership function µA(x) equals the degree to
which x is an element of set A. This degree, a value between 0 and
1, represents the degree of membership, also called membership
value, of element x in set A.
14
Fuzzy Sets
Sets with fuzzy boundaries
A = Set of tall people
Crisp set A Fuzzy set A

1.0 1.0
.9
.5 Membership
function
5’10’’ Heights 5’10’’ 6’2’’ Heights
15
Membership Functions (MFs)

Characteristics of MFs:
• Subjective measures
• Not probability functions
MFs “tall” in Asia
.8
.5 “tall” in the US
“tall” in NBA
.1
5’10’’ Heights
16
Fuzzy Sets
Formal definition:
A fuzzy set A in X is expressed as a set of ordered
pairs:
A  {( x ,  A ( x ))| x  X }
Membership Universe or
Fuzzy set
function universe of discourse
(MF)
A fuzzy set is totally characterized by a

membership function (MF).
17
Fuzzy Sets with Discrete Universes

Fuzzy set C = “desirable city to live in”
X = {SF, Boston, LA} (discrete and nonordered)
C = {(SF, 0.9), (Boston, 0.8), (LA, 0.6)}
Fuzzy set A = “sensible number of children”
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (discrete universe)
A = {(0, .1), (1, .3), (2, .7), (3, 1), (4, .6), (5, .2), (6, .1)}
18
Fuzzy Sets with Cont. Universes

Fuzzy set B = “about 50 years old”
X = Set of positive real numbers (continuous)
B = {(x, B(x)) | x in X}
1
B(x) 
 x  50 
2
1  
 10 
19
Alternative Notation
A fuzzy set A can be alternatively denoted as
follows:
X is discrete
A 
xi X
A ( xi ) / xi
X is continuous A    A( x) / x
X
Note that S and integral signs stand for the union of

membership grades; “/” stands for a marker and does
not imply division.
20
Fuzzy Set Representation

Degree of
Membership Crisp Sets
1.0
0.8 Short Average Short
Tall
Tall Men
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Height, cm
Degree of Fuzzy Sets
Membership
1.0
0.8
0.6 Short Average Tall
0.4
0.2 Tall
0.0
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
21
Fuzzy Partition
Fuzzy partitions formed by the linguistic values
“young”, “middle aged”, and “old”:
lingmf.m
22
More Definitions
Support Convexity
Core Fuzzy numbers
Normality Bandwidth
Crossover points Symmetricity
Open left or right, closed
Fuzzy singleton
a-cut, strong a-cut
23
MF Terminology
MF
.5
a
0
Core X
Crossover points
a - cut
Support
24
Convexity of Fuzzy Sets

A fuzzy set A is convex if for any l in [0, 1],
A ( lx1  ( 1  l ) x 2 )  min( A ( x1 ), A ( x 2 ))
Alternatively, A is convex is all its a-cuts are

convex.
convexmf.m
25
Set-Theoretic Operations
Subset:
A  B  A  B
Complement:
A  X  A  A ( x )  1   A ( x )
Union:
C  A  B  c ( x )  max( A ( x ), B ( x ))  A ( x ) B ( x )
Intersection:
C  A  B  c ( x )  min( A ( x ), B ( x ))  A ( x ) B ( x )
26
Set-Theoretic Operations
subset.m
27 fuzsetop.m
MF Formulation
 x a c  x 
Triangular MF: trimf ( x ; a, b , c )  max min ,  , 0
  b  a c  b 
 x a d  x 
Trapezoidal MF: trapmf ( x ; a, b , c , d )  max min , 1,  , 0
 b a d c 
2
1  x c 
  
2  
Gaussian MF: gaussmf ( x ; a, b , c )  e
1
Generalized bell MF: gbellmf ( x ; a, b , c )  2b
x c
1
b
28
MF Formulation
disp_mf.m
29
MF Formulation
1
Sigmoidal MF: sigmf ( x ; a, b , c ) 
1  e a( x  c )
Extensions:
Abs. difference
of two sig. MF
Product
of two sig. MF
disp_sig.m
30
MF Formulation
 c  x
L-R MF:  F L  a  , x  c

L R ( x ; c ,a ,  )  
 F  x  c  , x  c
   
R

Example: FL ( x )  max( 0, 1  x 2 )
3
F R ( x )  exp(  x )
c=65 c=25
a=60 a=10
b=10 b=40
31
difflr.m
Cylindrical Extension
Base set A Cylindrical Ext. of A
cyl_ext.m
32
2D MF Projection
Two-dimensional Projection Projection
MF onto X onto Y
 R ( x, y )  A( x)  B( y) 
project.m max  R ( x , y ) max  R ( x, y )
y x
33
2D MFs
2dmf.m
34
Fuzzy Complement
General requirements:
• Boundary: N(0)=1 and N(1) = 0
• Monotonicity: N(a) > N(b) if a < b
• Involution: N(N(a) )= a
Two types of fuzzy complements:
• Sugeno’s complement:
1 a
N s (a ) 
1  sa
• Yager’s complement:
N w ( a )  (1  a w )1/ w
35
Fuzzy Complement
Sugeno’s complement: Yager’s complement:
1 a
N s (a )  N w ( a )  (1  a w )1/ w
1  sa
36 negation.m
Fuzzy Intersection: T-norm

Basic requirements:
• Boundary: T(0, 0) = 0, T(a, 1) = T(1, a) = a
• Monotonicity: T(a, b) < T(c, d) if a < c and b < d
• Commutativity: T(a, b) = T(b, a)
• Associativity: T(a, T(b, c)) = T(T(a, b), c)
Four examples (page 37):
• Minimum: Tm(a, b)
• Algebraic product: Ta(a, b)
• Bounded product: Tb(a, b)
• Drastic product: Td(a, b)
37
T-norm Operator
Algebraic Bounded Drastic
Minimum: product: product: product:
Tm(a, b) Ta(a, b) Tb(a, b) Td(a, b)
38
tnorm.m
Fuzzy Union: T-conorm or S-norm

Basic requirements:
• Boundary: S(1, 1) = 1, S(a, 0) = S(0, a) = a
• Monotonicity: S(a, b) < S(c, d) if a < c and b < d
• Commutativity: S(a, b) = S(b, a)
• Associativity: S(a, S(b, c)) = S(S(a, b), c)
Four examples (page 38):
• Maximum: Sm(a, b)
• Algebraic sum: Sa(a, b)
• Bounded sum: Sb(a, b)
• Drastic sum: Sd(a, b)
39
T-conorm or S-norm
Algebraic Bounded Drastic
Maximum: sum: sum: sum:
Sm(a, b) Sa(a, b) Sb(a, b) Sd(a, b)
40
tconorm.m
Generalized DeMorgan’s Law

T-norms and T-conorms are duals which
support the generalization of DeMorgan’s law:
• T(a, b) = N(S(N(a), N(b)))
• S(a, b) = N(T(N(a), N(b)))
Tm(a, b) Sm(a, b)
Ta(a, b) Sa(a, b)
Tb(a, b) Sb(a, b)
Td(a, b) Sd(a, b)
41
Parameterized T-norm and S-norm

Parameterized T-norms and dual T-conorms
have been proposed by several researchers:
• Yager
• Schweizer and Sklar
• Dubois and Prade
• Hamacher
• Frank
• Sugeno
• Dombi
42

Slides For Fuzzy Sets, Ch. 2 of Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing

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Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets

Slides for Fuzzy Sets, Ch. 2 of

J.-S. Roger Jang (張智星)

Lofti Zadeh : The Father of Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Logic Applications

Fuzzy Logic Applications

Fuzzy Logic Applications

Fuzzy Logic Applications

Fuzzy Sets: Outline

How can we represent expert knowledge that uses vague and

Fuzzy logic is based on the idea that all things admit of

Unlike two-valued Boolean logic, fuzzy logic is multi-valued. It

Fuzzy logic uses the continuum of logical values between 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1

However, our own language is also the

The classical example in fuzzy sets is tall men.

Crisp Vs Fuzzy Sets

range of all possible values 0.8

variable. In our case, the 0.4

variable is the man height. 0.2

A Fuzzy Set has Fuzzy Boundaries

This set maps universe X to a set of two

A Fuzzy Set has Fuzzy Boundaries

µA(x) : X  {0, 1}, where µA(x) = 1 if x is totally in A;

This set allows a continuum of possible choices. For any element x

A = Set of tall people

Crisp set A Fuzzy set A

5’10’’ Heights 5’10’’ 6’2’’ Heights

Membership Functions (MFs)

MFs “tall” in Asia

A fuzzy set is totally characterized by a

Fuzzy Sets with Discrete Universes

Fuzzy Sets with Cont. Universes

Note that S and integral signs stand for the union of

Fuzzy Set Representation

Convexity of Fuzzy Sets

Alternatively, A is convex is all its a-cuts are

Base set A Cylindrical Ext. of A

Fuzzy Intersection: T-norm

Fuzzy Union: T-conorm or S-norm

Generalized DeMorgan’s Law

Parameterized T-norm and S-norm

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