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Destructive Testing
Section 4
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Qualitative and Quantitative Tests 4.1
The following mechanical tests have units and are termed
quantitative tests to measure Mechanical Properties
Tensile tests (Transverse Welded Joint, All Weld Metal)
Toughness testing (Charpy, Izod, CTOD)
Hardness tests (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers)
Bend Test
Specimen
Charpy Specimen
Fracture Fillet
Specimen
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Destructive Testing 4.1
WELDING PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION TESTING
4 •Additional Tests 3
5
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Definitions
Mechanical Properties of metals are related to the amount of
deformation which metals can withstand under different
circumstances of force application.
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Definitions
Mechanical Properties of metals are related to the amount of
deformation which metals can withstand under different
circumstances of force application.
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Definitions
Mechanical Properties of metals are related to the amount of
deformation which metals can withstand under different
circumstances of force application.
• Tensile Strength
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Definitions
Mechanical Properties of metals are related to the amount of
deformation which metals can withstand under different
circumstances of force application.
• Malleability Measurement of a
materials surface
• Ductility
resistance to indentation
• Toughness from another material by
• Hardness static load
• Tensile Strength
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Definitions
Mechanical Properties of metals are related to the amount of
deformation which metals can withstand under different
circumstances of force application.
• Tensile Strength
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Transverse Joint Tensile Test 4.2
Weld on plate
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Tensile Test 4.3
Transverse Tensile
Specimen
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STRA (Short Transverse Reduction Area)
For materials that may be subject to Lamellar Tearing
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UTS Tensile test 4.4
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Charpy V-Notch Impact Test 4.5
Objectives:
• measuring impact strength in different weld joint areas
• assessing resistance toward brittle fracture
Information to be supplied on the test report:
• Material type
• Notch type
• Specimen size
• Test temperature
• Notch location
• Impact Strength Value
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Ductile / Brittle Transition Curve 4.6
Ductile fracture
Temperature range
47 Joules
28 Joules
Energy absorbed
Brittle fracture
- 50 - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 0
Testing temperature - Degrees Centigrade
Three specimens are normally tested at each temperature
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Comparison Charpy Impact Test Results 4.6
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Charpy V-notch impact test specimen 4.7
Specimen dimensions according ASTM E23
Specime Pendulu
n m
(striker)
Anvil (support)
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Charpy Impact Test 4.9
22.5o
2 mm 10 mm 100% Brittle
Machined
notch
Fracture surface
8 mm
100% bright
crystalline brittle
fracture
100% Ductile
Machined
notch
Large reduction
in area, shear
lips
Randomly torn,
dull gray fracture
surface
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Hardness Testing 4.10
Definition
Measurement of resistance of a material against
penetration of an indenter under a constant load
There is a direct correlation between UTS and
hardness
Hardness tests:
Brinell
Vickers
Rockwell
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Hardness Testing 4.10
Objectives:
• measuring hardness in different areas of a welded joint
• assessing resistance toward brittle fracture, cold cracking
and corrosion sensitivity within a H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide)
environment.
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Vickers Hardness Test 4.11
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Vickers Hardness Test Machine 4.11
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Brinell Hardness Test 4.11
Ø=10mm
steel ball
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Rockwell Hardness Test
Rockwell B Rockwell C
1KN
1.5KN
Ø=1.6mm 120°Diamond
steel ball Cone
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Hardness Testing 4.12
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Crack Tip Opening Displacement testing 4.12
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Fatigue Fracture 4.13
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Fatigue Fracture
Precautions against Fatigue Cracks
• Toe grinding, profile grinding.
• The elimination of poor profiles
• The elimination of partial penetration welds and weld
defects
• Operating conditions under the materials endurance limits
• The elimination of notch effects e.g. mechanical damage
cap/root undercut
• The selection of the correct material for the service
conditions of the component
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Fatigue Fracture
Fatigue fracture occurs in structures subject to repeated
application of tensile stress.
Crack growth is slow (in same cases, crack may grow
into an area of low stress and stop without failure).
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Fatigue Fracture
Secondary mode of failure Fatigue fracture surface
ductile fracture rough fibrous
appearance smooth in appearance
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Bend Tests 4.15
Object of test:
• To determine the soundness of the weld zone. Bend
testing can also be used to give an assessment of
weld zone ductility.
• There are three ways to perform a bend test:
Face bend
Root bend Side bend
Side bend tests are normally carried out on welds over 12mm in thickness
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Bending test 4.16
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Fillet Weld Fracture Tests 4.17
Object of test:
To break open the joint through the weld to permit
examination of the fracture surfaces
Specimens are cut to the required length
A saw cut approximately 2mm in depth is applied
along the fillet welds length
Fracture is usually made by striking the specimen
with a single hammer blow
Visual inspection for defects
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Fillet Weld Fracture Tests 4.17
Hammer
2mm
Notch
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Fillet Weld Fracture Tests 4.17
Lack of Penetration
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Nick-Break Test 4.18
Object of test:
To permit evaluation of any weld defects across
the fracture surface of a butt weld.
• Specimens are cut transverse to the weld
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Nick-Break Test 4.18
2 mm
Approximately 230 mm
Weld reinforcement
may or may not be
removed
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Nick Break Test 4.18
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Summary of Mechanical Testing 4.19
We test welds to establish minimum levels of mechanical
properties, and soundness of the welded joint
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