ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Topic :
RMC
RAPID HARDENING CEMENT
ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS
 RMC
(READY MIX CONCRETE)
• Ready-mix concrete is concrete that is manufactured in a batch plant, to
the respective mix ratio. (1-2-4 or 1-3-6 being common mixes)
• Batch plants combine a precise amount of gravel, sand, water and cement together by
weight, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on
construction sites. The first ready-mix factory was built in the 1930s, but the industry did
not begin to expand significantly until the 1960s, and it has continued to grow since then.
• Ready-mix concrete usually expressed in cubic meters in volume.
• Ready-mix concrete is normally delivered in two
ways.
• First is the barrel truck or in–transit mixers. This type of truck delivers concrete
in a plastic state to the site.
• Second is the volumetric concrete mixer. This delivers the ready mix in a dry
state and then mixes the concrete on site
• Ready-mix concrete is often used over other materials due to the cost and
wide range of uses in building, particularly in large projects like high rise
buildings and bridges.
• It has a long life span when compared to other products of a similar use,
like road ways. It has an average life span of 30 years under high traffic
areas compared to the 10 to 12 year life of asphalt concrete with the same
traffic.
• Ready-mix concrete, refers to concrete that is specifically batched or
manufactured for customers' construction projects, and supplied to the
customer on site as a single product.
• It is a mixture of Portland or other cements, water and aggregates (sand,
gravel, or crushed stone).
• All aggregates should be washed, so they can be with limited amounts of
fines or dirt and clay.
• Ready-mixed concrete is used in construction projects where the
construction site is not willing, or not able, to mix concrete on site.
• Using ready-mixed concrete means product is delivered finished, on
demand, in the specific quantity required, to the specific mix design
required.
• It helps to avoid space provision for material storage in site
• And helps to avoid cement dust, which is hazardeous to health
• RMC after batching is verified through some tests by following :-
1. Cube test ( to verify compressive stress), performed in laboratory at the
plant
1. Slump test , at the site
• There are various types of ready mix concretes available in the
market.
• Here is a list of three different variants :-

-TRANSIT MIXED CONCRETE

-SHRINK MIXED CONCRETE
- CENTRAL MIXED CONCRETE
TRANSIT MIXED CONCRETE
• It is also called dry batched concrete because all the basic ingredients
including water are charged directly into the truck mixer. The mixer drum is
revolved fast at charging speed during the loading of the material and after
that it continues rotating at a normal agitating speed. In this type of ready
mix concrete, also three types of variations are possible as given below:

• CONCRETE MIXED AT JOB SITE

• While being transported towards the destination, the drum is revolved at a
slow or agitating speed of 2 rpm, but after reaching the site just before
discharging the material, it is revolved at maximum speed of 12 to 15 rpm
for nearly 70 to 100 revolution for ensuring homogeneous mixing.
2) CONCRETE MIXED IN THE TRANSIT-
• The drum speed is kept medium during the transit time, i.e.
approximately 8 rpm for about 70 revolutions. After 70 revolutions, it is
slowed down to agitating speed of 2 rpm till discharging the concrete.

3)CONCRETE MIXED IN THE YARD-

• The drum is turned at high-speed of 12 to 15 rpm for about 50

revolutions in the yard itself. The concrete is then agitated slowly
during transit time.
CENTRAL MIX CONCRETE
• ANOTHER NAME FOR THIS IS CENTRAL BATCHING PLANT WHERE THE
CONCRETE IS THOROUGHLY MIXED BEFORE FILLING INTO THE TRUCK MIXER.
• EVERY SO OFTEN THE PLANT IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS WET-BATCH OR PRE-
MIX PLANTS
• WHILE MOVING THE CONCRETE,THE TRUCK ACCTS AS AGIATOR ONLY.
SOMETIMES WHEN WORKABILITY NECESSITY IS LOW OR THE LEAD IS LESS ,
NON AGIATING UNITS OR JUNKYARD TRUCKS CAN ALSO BE USED.
• ADVANTAGES ARE FASTER BATCHING AND REDUCED WEAR OF THE TRUCK
MIXER DRUMS
• HOWEVER CENTRAL MIX PLANTS CAN ALSO BE MORE EXPENSIVE TO
PURCHASE AND MAINTAIN THAN TRANSIT MIX PLANTS.
SHRINK MIXED CONCRETE
• Shrink mix concrete is partially mixed in a central mixer and then
charged into a truck mixer, where the mixing is completed.
• The truck mixer is turned at high speed while charging the concrete.
• The number of revolutions needed to complete the mixing of shrink
mix concrete in the truck mixer varies depending on the size of the
central mixer vessel and the duration of mixing or co-mingling of all of
the ingredients (often less than 90 seconds), but generally about 30
turns of the mixer truck drum produces mix uniformity throughout
the load.
Advantages of Ready Mixed Concrete
• Quality concrete is obtained by ready mix cocrete. Poor control on the input materials, batching and
mixing methods in the case of site mix concrete is solved in a ready-mix concrete method.
• Speed in the construction practices followed in ready mix concrete plant.
• The concrete mixed is used with high versatility. It is placed by following best concrete placing
methods.
• Cement is saved and the dust caused is reduced as ready mix concrete make use of bulk concrete
instead of bags of cement.
• Cement saving will conserve the energy and the resources.
• Less consumption result in less production of cement hence less environmental pollution.
• Ready mix concrete manufacture have less dependency on human labours hence the chances of
human errors is reduced. This will also reduce the dependency on intensive labours.
• This demands no space for storing the raw materials at site. There is no delay due to site based
batching plant erection/ dismantling; no equipment to hire; no depreciation of costs.
• Petrol and diesel consumed is less thus noise and air pollution is reduced.
Disadvantages of Ready Mixed Concrete
• The transit time from the time of preparation of concrete to the
delivery site, will result in loss of workability. This will demand for
additional water or admixtures to maintain the workability as per the
specification.
• Traffic during the transit of concrete can result in setting of concrete.
This will hence require addition of admixtures to delay the setting
period. But unexpected traffic is a great problem.
• The formwork and placing arrangement must be prepared in advance
in large area as the concrete can be bought in larger amounts.
RAPID HARDENING CEMENT
• Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC) are also called high early strength cement. The prime difference
between the rapid hardening cement and ordinary Portland cement is the lime content. Large
proportion of lime is the distinguishing feature of rapid hardening cement.
• It helps in increasing the speed of construction without compromising its strength quality

• Manufacturing
• The manufacture of rapid hardening cement is done dry process of cement manufacture. In this
cement, lime stone and shale are used as raw material and heated at extremely high temperature
to form clinkers. The lime and shale clinker is then mixed with small amount of gypsum and
grinded very finely to form rapid hardening cement.

• Strength
• The 3 days strength of rapid hardening cement is equivalent to the 7 days strength of OPC when
the water-cement ratio for both the cement is taken to be same. The increased rate of strength is
due to the fact that higher proportion of tri-calcium silicate (C3S) is contained in RHC along with
finer grinding of the cement clinker. Though, the rate at which RHC gains strength is higher than
the rate at which OPC gains strength, the ultimate strength is only a bit higher for RHC.
• Properties
• Initial Setting Time: 30 minutes
• Final Setting Time: 600 minutes
• RHC is lighter than OPC.
• The curing period for RHC is less.
• The minimum fineness of this cement is 3250 cm sq / g.

• Advantages

• As the curing period for rapid hardening cement is less, it turns out to be economical.
• Shrinkage during curing and hardening of cement is less in case of RHC.
• RHC are good at Sulphur resistance.
• Good speed of construction can be achieved as the strength is gained in relatively shorter time.

• Disadvantages

• It is expensive than Ordinary Portland Cement.

Uses of Rapid Hardening Cement

• It is used where formwork has to be removed as early as possible in order to

reuse it.
• It is used where high early strength is required.
• It is generally used for constructing road pavements, where it is important to
open the road to traffic quickly.
• It is used in industries which manufacture concrete products like slabs, posts,
electric poles, block fence, etc. because moulds can be released quickly.
• It is used for cold weather concreting because rapid evolution of heat during
hydration protects the concrete against freezing.
ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS
• IT IS THE PROCESS FOR PREPARING AND FORMING BUILDINGS AND
BUILDING SYSTEMS.
• THE PROCESS OF BUILDING LARGE STRUCTURRES WITH MINIMUM USE OF
COST , TIME AND ENVIRONMENT.
• CONSTRUCTION STARTS WITH PLANNING,DESIGN AND FINANCING AND
CONTINUES UNTIL THE STRUCTURE IS READY FOR OCCUPANCY.
CONCRETE FLOORS AND WALLS
• CONCRETE WALLS IS AN ELECTIC CATEGORY WITH OPTIONS FOR EVERYTHING
LIKE SEAT WALLS,DECORATIVE INTERIOR OR EXTERIOR FINISHED SOUND WALLS
THAT ABUT A FREEWAY;RETAINING WALLS TO HOLD BACK THE EARTH;TO THE
VERY WALLS THAT COMPRISE THE EXTERIOR.
• COCNRETE HAS BECOME NEW FLOORING MATERIAL OF THE LATEST
TECHNOLOGY.
• WEATHR ITS ACID-STAINED,PAINTED,OVERLAYS,MICROTOPPINGS,RADIANT
FLOORS OFFER A RANGE UNLIKE ANY OTHER MATERIAL.
• CONCRETE FLOORING IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS CEMENT FLOORING.
• ONE OF THE MAJOR BENEFIT IF THEIR AFFORDABILITY COMPARED TO OTHER
FLOORING MATERIALS AND ITS EASE OF MAINTAINENCE.
• WHEN PROPERLY SEALED CONCRETE FLOORS CAN BE CLEANED WITH A QUICK
POASS OF DUST MOP.
PRECAST CLADDING PANEL
• This method of construction involves the procedure of making floor and wall
units off site. For this, separate factory outlets and facilities is required.
• Once the panel units are made as per the design specification and requirements,
they are brought to the site and placed.
• This method is best suited for repetitive construction project activities.
• The panels manufactured has the services of windows, doors and the finishes.
• This method also brings building envelope panels which are provided with
insulation and decorative cladding that is fitted by the factory which can also be
used as load – bearing elements.
3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
• The transportation of the modules can be carried out in various forms
or methods.
• This can involve the transportation of the basic structure or a
completed unit with all the internal and external finishes, services
installed within it, that the only part remaining is the assembly.
• The factory construction brings different unit of same product
maintaining their quality throughout.
• Hence this method is best suited for repetitive projects so that rapid
assembly of the products is possible.
FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION
• The flat slabs are structural elements that are highly versatile in nature.
• This is this versatility that it is used widely in construction.
• The flat slab provides minimum depth and faster construction.
• The system also provides column grids that are flexible.
• Wherever it is necessary to seal the partitions to the slab soffit as a reason of
acoustic and fire concerns, the flat slabs are a desirable solution.
• When compared with other forms of construction, the flat slabs are faster and
more economic in nature.
• The construction of flat slabs can be completed with good surface finish for the
soffit, this enables to utilize he exposed soffits.
• The flat slab construction is also a means of increasing the energy efficiency as
this allows the exploitation of building thermal mass in the design of ventilation,
heating and the cooling requirements.
PRECAST CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS
• For the rapid construction of foundation, the precast concrete system can be employed.
• This method is more suited for a bespoke design.
• Here, the elements required for the construction of foundation are constructed
separately in the factory (off site) and brought to the site and assembled.
• The manufactured product must have the assured quality as specified by the designer.
• The foundation assembled is mainly supported by concrete piles. During assembling,
both the systems are connected together.
• These foundation systems helps in increasing the productivity, increase quality, decrease
the soil excavation quantity.
• This is best suited for extreme and adverse weather conditions. When the construction is
dealt on a highly contaminated ground, this system of construction is a best choice.
TWIN WALL TECHNOLOGY
• The twin wall technology is a hybrid solution of wall system that combines the qualities of
erection speed and precast concrete with the structural integrity of in-situ concrete.
• This type of wall system guarantees structural integrity and waterproof reliability for the
structure.
• The twin wall system has two walls slabs that are separated . The two slabs are separated by a
cast in lattice girders. The procedure involves:
-The wall units are placed in the site.
-The twin units are propped temporarily.
-The wall units are later joined by means of reinforcing.
-The gap between the wall units are filled by means of concrete.
• This system of construction is faster than normal construction methods and economical. The twin
wall system is mainly employed in association with the construction of precast floors.
INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
• The system of insulating concrete formwork (ICF) have twin walled panels that
are either polystyrene panels or blocks are employed.
• These are built quickly to create the formwork as the wall of the buildings.
• The formwork that is made is filled with concrete.
• This concrete is factory produced that have quality assurance so that a ready –
mixed concrete.
• Mostly the mix is ready mix concrete.
• Higher level of thermal insulation is provided by expanded polystyrene blocks.
The concrete core will provide good robustness and better sound insulation.
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