R.

Vaishnava kumar
K.Ramesh babu
 Why compass surveying
 In surveying, the area to be surveyed is divided into
a frame work consisting of triangles which are
connected by survey lines.
 These lines are measured with chain or tape where
the area is flat this triangulation principle is used.
 When the area is large, undulated or crowded with
many details where the triangulation is not
possible. The method of traversing is adopted.
TRAVERSE
A series of connected lines which forms a closed or
open polygon is known as traverse.
The lengths of survey lines are measured with chain
or tape.at each traverse station, where the survey
lines meet, angle is measured with a compass.this
process is known as compass traversing
•What is meant by meridian?
Types?

•What is meant by bearing?

Types?

•What are different systems of

designating bearings?
What is meant by meridian?
 Meridian at a point is the imaginary line/plane passing
through the poles of earth and through that point.
or
It is a fixed point of reference.
Types of meridians
 True meridian or astronomical meridian
 Magnetic meridian
 Gird meridian and
 Arbitrary meridian
What is meant by quadrant?

IV I
III II
 IV I

III II
If a bearing is measured
only from north in Angle
clockwise direction, then varies from
the bearing taken is 00 to 3600
called Whole Circle
 Quadrantal
Bearing(QB) Angle varies
from 00 to
900
system
IV I

III II

If a bearing is measured either from north or south whichever is near,

in clockwise or counterclockwise direction, then the bearing taken is
called Quadrantal Bearing
For designating bearing in QB
system there are three conditions
1. First we have represent the axis to which the line is
nearer(Either N or S)
2. We have to represent Angle it makes with N or S
(whichever is smallest)
3. We have to represent the direction which line lies(E
or W)
Eg: N 300 W
If the WCB of line is 1500. What is
QB of the line?
 Check the quadrant to which the line belongs from the
given bearing.

IV I E
900

III II

S 000
180
Fore bearing and Back Bearing of a
line?

B
FORWARD
STATION
A
RARE For finding fore bearing and back
bearing of a line, one should know
STATION the direction of progress of survey
If Bearing of a line is given as 600

A
 IV I240 0

(60+180)

III B II
IV I60 0

III A II
Calculation of included angle from
bearings
 Bearing of any line = Bearing of preceding line +
included angle.
Magnetic Dip
 It is the vertical angle made by the magnetic needle
with earth’s horizontal surface at a place.
 Magnetic dip at equator is 00 and at poles is 900
(or)
 If the needle is perfectly balanced before
magnetisation, it does not remain in the balanced
position after it is magnetised. This is due to the
magnetic influence of the earth. The needle is found
to be inclined towards the pole. This inclination of
the needle with the horizontal is known as dip of
the magnetic needle.
Magnetic declination
 The horizontal angle between true meridian and
magnetic meridian is called magnetic declination.
 If magnetic meridian is towards east, the magnetic
declination is positive or east.
True meridian = magnetic meridian+Declination
 If magnetic meridian is towards west, the magnetic
declination is negative or west.
True meridian = magnetic meridian-Declination
Compass :
compass is an instrument which indicates
the directions, consists of magnetic needle. It
cannot measure the angles between any two
lines. But it can measure an angle of any line
with reference to magnetic meridian that is
known as magnetic bearing of that line.
Types of compass
 Prismatic compass
 Surveyor’s compass
 Trough compass
 Tubular compass
In prismatic compass W.C.B system is adopted, where as
in surveyor’s compass Q.B system is adopted.
Tubular compass and trough compass are used only to
find the magnetic north direction.
Prismatic compass
1. The prismatic
compass is a type of
magnetic compass
which can either be
used as a hand
instrument or can be
fitted on a tripod.
2. The prismatic
compass is used to
determination of
whole circle bearings
(W.C.B) of lines.
The prismatic compass
which consists of
following parts are
Parts of prismatic compass
Cylindrical box
Cylindrical metal box is made
of brass or non- metallic
material which is having a
diameter of 80 to 120mm. The
box is fitted with a glass disc
at its top. it protects from dust
and rain etc. when the
compass is not in use, the box
is covered with a brass lid.
Pivot
A hard steel pivot is provided
at the centre of the box which
supports freely suspended
magnetic needle over it
Lifting pin and lifting lever
A lifting pin is provided just below
the object vane. When the object
vane is folded, it presses the lifting
pin with the help of lifting lever
which lifts the magnetic needle out
of pivot point to prevent damage to
pivot head.
Spring brake or brake pin
To dampen the oscillations of the
needle and to bring it to rest
quickly, a light spring brake is fitted
inside the box. When pressed, It is
in contact with the edge of the
aluminium ring and stops its
oscillations
Magnetic needle
magnetic needle is the main part of the instrument.
The needle is always pointed towards the north and south
poles at the two ends of the needle, when freely
suspended on the pivot
Graduated circular ring:
this is an aluminium graduated ring
marked with 00 to 3600 to measure the
bearing of lines, and is directly attached
with the magnetic needle. The ring is
graduated in degrees and half degrees.
The least count is half degree. the
readings are engraved on aluminium
ring as inverted
prism
It is placed opposite to the object vane.
It is a 450 reflecting prism which is
attached the box. The readings taken
through this prism. The prism cap is
protected from dust and moisture.
Object vane:
Object vane is placed diametrically opposite to the
eye vane prism. The object vane consists of vertical
hair or black thin wire is attached to frame for
sighting the object from eye sight.
Eye vane:
It is an eye slit which consists a vertical slit cut
into upper assembly of the prism unit. This eye
vane is provided with prism and can be lifted up and
down by the stud to bisect the object of higher
level.
Sun glasses:
When sighting the illuminous objects or sun, dark
colour glasses are provided near the vane which
can be inter posed between the eye and the prism.
So that the objects which are either too low or high
can be sighted by the mirrors.
Sectional elevation of prismatic compass
Measuring a bearing from
prismatic compass
Surveyors compass
CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF
SURVEYORS COMPASS
Difference between prismatic and
surveyors compass
Local Attraction
 Method of correction for traverse:
 First method: Unaffected line is first detected.
Then, commencing from the unaffected line,
the bearing of other affected lines are corrected
by finding the amount of correction at each
station.
 Second method:Sum of the interior angle
should be equal to (2n-4) x 90. if not than
distribute the total error equally to all interior
angles of the traverse. Then starting from
unaffected line the bearings of all the lines are
corrected using corrected interior angles.
Contd…
Compute the interior angles and correct them for observational
error assume the bearing of a line CD to be correct adjust the
bearing of remaining sides
The following are the oberved bearing of the line of a
traverse ABCDEA with the compass in a place where the
local attraction was suspected. Find the correct bearings
of the lines
THANK YOU