FEDELINE LOWENDA ANAK ROGINAL

PRODUCTS
OF
(2018238432)

SHERRYLYN SCHINIE ANAK JILONG

(2018676488)

DORISIN BINTI MARDIE(2018227818)

PHOTOGRAMMETRY
MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN RAZIDI
(2018222692)

VERA TAILEH (2018677194)

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

 Topographic Map of Switzerland:

Scale: 1:100 000

 Year: 2002

 Contour Interval: 20 m

 Place: Rotkreuz

 Designer: Bundesamt für Landes-

topographie
 TOPOGRAPIC MAP
– Topographic maps are maps at large and medium scales which incorporate a huge variety of
information.

– The basic coverage (a country’s largest map series) is based on measurements made in the field
or from aerial photographs.

– All components of a topographic map at a specified scale are of equal importance: water, terrain,
communication, built-up areas, vegetation, etc., as well as the lettering of place-names and
geographical and cultural features.

– To simplify matters, we can say that a topographic map is a graphic representation of the three
dimensional configuration of the earth’s surface. It shows size, shape and distribution of landscape
features, and presents the horizontal and vertical positions of those represented features
 Water
Relief features

• Depicted with brown contour

lines that show hills, valleys,
Depicted in blue,
mountains, plains, etc.
• Elevations are given in meters Features on topographic they represent
(or feet) above mean sea level. oceans, lakes,
There are also spot elevations
maps can be divided rivers, streams,
(shown in black), where lake into three major and swamps.
level, summit of a hill or road
intersections are marked for
groups:
elevation.

Cultural features: Depicted in black, they represent all

Cultural the man-made features: buildings, roads, railroads,
features and land boundaries.
How to get product?

1. photographing the area

2. overlapping aerial photo
3. stereoscopic coverage of areas to be mapped
4. compilling the map
 How to get the product (contour
maps)?
 The operation of vertical aerial
photographs allows to map the
terrain.
 stereo pairs of aerial photos
estimate elevation differences
of the land surface
 Then you have to draw the
contours that join the points of
equal elevation.
 What is the use of contour
map?
 Contour lines represented
constant elevation and showed  You don’t really know unless there is a label on the
contour line. In the example below, we’ve added
the topography of the labels and it should be clear that it’s a depression.
landscape.
 When you have a closed
contour like the one below, this
means there is a hill/mountain
or depression.

 Meanwhile in the contrary, when the values

increased as the areas of the contour lines goes
smaller it’s a mountain.
 How to get the product (contour
maps)?
 The operation of vertical aerial
photographs allows to map the terrain.
 stereo pairs of aerial photos estimate
elevation differences of the land surface
 Then you have to draw the contours that
join the points of equal elevation.
 Digital Elevation Model
DEM
A digital elevation model is a bare-earth raster grid referenced to a
vertical datum. When you filter out non-ground points such as bridges
and roads, you get a smooth digital elevation model. The built (power
lines, buildings and towers) and natural (trees and other types of
vegetation) aren’t included in a DEM.
 Digital Elevation Model
(DEM)
– DEM will occur
when vegetation
and man made Hydrology Land Use Planning Soils
features are • Areas prone to
• Hydrologists use • DEMs assist in
removed or DEMs to delineate
avalanches are high
mapping soils
isolated. DEM is slope areas with
watersheds, which is a function
calculate flow sparse vegetation. of elevation (as
particularly This is useful when
accumulation and well as geology,
useful in flow direction. planning a highway time and climate).
hydrology, soils or residential
subdivision.
and land use
planning
 Older methods of generating DEMs often
Production of DEM
involve interpolating digital contour maps
that may have been produced by direct
survey of the land surface. This method is
Mappers may prepare digital still used in mountain areas, where
elevation models in a interferometry is not always satisfactory.

number of ways, but they Note that contour line data or any other
sampled elevation datasets (by GPS or
frequently use remote
ground survey) are not DEMs, but may be
sensing rather than direct
considered digital terrain models. A DEM
survey data. implies that elevation is available
continuously at each location in the study
 Production of DEM
Satellite Mapping
 One powerful technique for generating Planetary Mapping
digital elevation models is interferometric  A tool of increasing value in planetary science has
synthetic aperture radar where two passes been use of orbital altimetry used to make digital
of a radar satellite or a single pass if the elevation map of planets. A primary tool for this is
satellite is equipped with two antennas Laser altimetry. Planetary digital elevation maps
collect sufficient data to generate a digital made using laser altimetry include the Mars Orbiter
elevation map tens of kilometers on a side Laser Altimeter (MOLA) mapping of Mars, the Lunar
with a resolution of around ten meters. Orbital Laser Altimeter (LOLA) and Lunar Altimeter
(LALT) mapping of the Moon, and the Mercury Laser
Altimeter (MLA) mapping of Mercury.
Relief map of the
Sierra Nevada, MOLA digital elevation
showing use of both model showing the two
shading and false hemispheres of Mars.
color as visualization This image appeared on
tools to indicate the cover of Science
elevation
magazine in May 1999.
HOW TO GET ORTHOPHOTO ???
An image that is free of
distortion (it has been
ortho-rectified) and
which is characterized
by a uniform scale over
its entire surface.
ORTHOPHOTO
A kind of scaled
photographic map, on
which it is perfectly
possible to perform
measurements as if it
were a standard map.
METHODS

GROUND
CONTROL POINTS
(GCP)
Ground Control Points (GCP) are determined
either conventional ground surveys, from published
maps, by Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys.
These points are taken at visible physical features
on the landscape. On the corresponding image, the
x, y photo coordinates are then determined for each
corresponding GCP. Depending on the type of
algorithmic correction to be used, a minimum of 3 to
5 GCP must be established. The relationship of the
x, y photo coordinates to the real world GCP is then
used to determine the algorithm for resampling the
image.
 EXAMPLE : ORTHORECTIFICATION USING DSM

RECTIFICATION FOR A PIXEL RASTER

Interpolate
Define pixel Interpolate Project 3D intensitynvalue for the
positions in surface height at surface points to orthophoto from the
orthophoto plane those positions image points neighbourhood in the
original image
  DSM INTERPOLATION
Interpolation predicts values for cells in a
raster from a limited number of sample data
points. It can be used to predict unknown
values for any geographic point data.

Interpolation of surface
heights at every pixel of
orthophoto, determine the
height via interpolation
 RESAMPLING

Estimate intensity values for the

othophoto
For each raster point on te surface of
DSM
 Project to camera image.
 Compute intensity from surrounding
 Intensity value invert project
THE END