BIOENERGETICS

1
What is Bioenergetics?
The study of the
energy changes
accompanying
biochemical
reactions.

2
 Energy
 Gibbs chane in
free energy
(ΔG) is that
portion of the
total energy
change in a
system that is
available for
doing work.
3
Thermodynamics
 The First Law
“The total energy of a system,
including its surroundings, remains
constant.”
 The Second Law
“The total entropy of system must
increase if a process is to occur
spontaneosly.
4
Thermodynamics
 ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
 ΔH = Enthalpy
 ΔS = Entropy
 T = Temperature

5
 Two Types of
Energy Reactions

6
 Endergonic Reactions
 Chemical reaction that
requires a net input of
energy.
 Photosynthesis SUN
Light
Energy
photons

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

(glucose)
7
Exergonic Reactions
 Chemical reactions that
releases energy
 Cellular Respiration
Energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP

(glucose)

8
Metabolic Reactions
of Cells

9
What is Metabolism?
 The sum total
of the
chemical
activities of
all cells.

10
Two Types of Metabolism
 Anabolic
Pathways
 Catabolic
Pathways

11
 Anabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions, which
consume energy (endergonic), to
build complicated molecules from
simpler compounds. light
 Photosynthesis SUN energy

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

(glucose)
12
 Catabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions which release
energy (exergonic) by breaking
down complex molecules in simpler
compounds
 Cellular Respiration energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

(glucose)

13
Cellular Energy -
ATP

14
 ATP
 Components:
1. adenine: nitrogenous base
2. ribose: five carbon sugar
3.phosphate group: chain of 3

adenine phosphate group

P P P
ribose

15
 Adenosine Triphosphate
 Three
phosphate
groups-(two
with high
energy bonds
 Last phosphate
group (PO4)
contains the
MOST energy
16
Breaking the Bonds of ATP
 Process is called
phosphorylation
 Occurs continually
in cells
 Enzyme ATP-ase
can weaken &
break last PO4
bond releasing
energy & free PO4
Copyright Cmassengale 17
How does ATP work ?
 Organisms use enzymes to
break down energy-rich
glucose to release its
potential energy
 This energy is trapped and
stored in the form of
adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

18
How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
 It is estimated
that each cell
will generate
and consume
approximately
10,000,000
molecules of
ATP per second
19
Coupled Reaction - ATP
 The exergonic
hydrolysis of ATP
is coupled with
the endergonic
dehydration H2O
process by
transferring a
phosphate group
to another
molecule. H 2O
20
 Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP + H2O  ADP + P
(exergonic)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

P P P

Hydrolysis
(add water)

P P + P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
21
Hyrolysis is Exergonic

Energy
Used
by
Cells

Copyright Cmassengale 22
Dehydration of ATP
ADP + P  ATP + H2O
(endergonic)
Dehydration
(Remove H2O

P P + P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

P P P

23
Dehydration is Endergonic

Energy
is
restored
in
Chemical
Bonds

Copyright Cmassengale 24
Cell Energy:
• Cells usable source of energy is called ATP
• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

• ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate

Adenine Ribose 2 Phosphate groups

• All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—
breaking the bond releases the energy

• When the cell has energy available it can store this

energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing
ATP
• ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between
the second and third phosphate groups and releasing
energy for cellular processes.
Major Source of ATP
1. Oxidative phosphorilation in aerobic
organisms.
2. Glycolysis
3. The citric acid cycle

Copyright Cmassengale 29
Cellular Respiration: (2 kinds—Aerobic and Anaerobic)
• Cellular respiration is the process by which the energy
of glucose is released in the cell to be used for life
processes (movement, breathing, blood circulation,
etc…)
• Cells require a constant source of energy for life processes but
keep only a small amount of ATP on hand. Cells can regenerate
ATP as needed by using the energy stored in foods like glucose.
• The energy stored in glucose by photosynthesis is released by
cellular respiration and repackaged into the energy of ATP.
Phosphagens
 As storage forms of high-energy
phophate and include creatine
phosphate, which occurs in
vertebrate skeletal muscle, heart,
spermatozoa, brain.

Copyright Cmassengale 33
Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen
• Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
• Total of 36 ATP molecules produced
• General formula for aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

Human cells
contain a
specialized
structure – the
mitochondrion –
that generates
energy.
 • Diagram
Electrons carried
in NADH
Mitochondria

Electrons
In Cytoplasm carried in
NADH and
Krebs FADH2 Electron
Glucose Glycolysis
Cycle Transport Chain

2 2 32
Summary:
3 steps: 1st glycolysis
2nd Krebs cycle
3rd Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Anaerobic Respiration: occurs when no oxygen is
available to the cell (2 kinds: Alcoholic and Lactic Acid)
• Also called fermentation
• Much less ATP produced than in aerobic respiration
 •Alcoholic fermentation—occurs in bacteria and
yeast
Process used in the baking and brewing
industry—yeast produces CO2 gas during
fermentation to make dough rise and give bread
its holes
glucose ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP
 • Lactic acid fermentation—occurs in muscle cells
Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid
exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen
to the tissues—causes burning sensation in muscles
glucose lactic acid + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP
• First step in anaerobic respiration is also glycolysis

Diagram
Anaerobic Respiration
Cytoplasm Alcoholic fermentation
C6H12O6 Bacteria, Yeast 2 ATP
glucose
glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation
Muscle cells 2 ATP

Aerobic Respiration Krebs ETC

Cycle
36 ATP
Mitochondria
Review

41
 How many high energy
phosphate bonds does ATP
have?

42
Which is true of photosyntheis?

Anabolic or Catabolic

Exergonic Or Endergonic

43
 The breakdown of ATP is
due to:
Dehydration or Hydrolysis

H2O added or H2O removed

44
 Which Reactions are often
Coupled in Organisms
Hydrolysis or
BOTH Dehydration

Anabolism or Catabolism
BOTH

Endergonic or Exergonic
BOTH

45
Ready for the test?
If not, review and
try again!!!

46