network • 2:a system of computers connected by communications lines • 3:a group of connected radio or television stations • net·work: [net-wurk] – a system containing any combination of computers, computer terminals, printers, audio or visual display devices, or telephones interconnected by telecommunication equipment or cables: used to transmit or receive information. • A network of computers that are in the same physical location, such as home or building • Usually connected using Ethernet • A standard on how computers communicate over a shared media (cable) • Old: BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connector for coaxial cable
New: RJ45 for twisted pair cable
- MAN is used to combine into a network group located in different buildings into a single network. The diameter of such a network can range from 5 to 50 kilometers. - The communication infrastructures that have been developed in and around large cities. - A connection of MAN that exceeds 50kms - A network that connects two or more local-area networks over a potentially large geographic distance - Communication between networks is called internetworking.
- The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the
ultimate wide-area network, spanning the entire globe. 1. The CLIENT-SERVER Model - The model consists of one or more servers that provides services/applications or resources to one or more individual computers called clients. The client and server communicates using a computer network. • a SERVER is a computer providing one or more services(printing, file , data and information sharing, email, and other applications) to serve other computers and devices. A SERVER machine runs the different programs or applications and services which share their resources with clients. • A CLIENT does not share any of its resources but requests a server’s content or service function. • A CLIENT is a computer or device that is requesting a service or resources from a server. The client computer sends the request to the server machine. • PEER-TO-PEER MODEL • -consists of two or more connected computers sharing similar capabilities, • Services and resources. • -Files can be shared directly between systems on the network without the need of a central server. • e.g limewire, kazaa • The only requirements for a computer to join a peer-to-peer network are an Internet connection and P2P software. Common P2P software programs include Kazaa, Limewire, BearShare, Morpheus, and Acquisition. These programs connect to a P2P network, such as "Gnutella," which allows the computer to access thousands of other systems on the network. • Once connected to the network, P2P software allows you to search for files on other people's computers. Meanwhile, other users on the network can search for files on your computer, but typically only within a single folder that you have designated to share. While P2P networking makes file sharing easy and convenient, is also has led to a lot of software piracy and illegal music downloads. Therefore, it is best to be on the safe side and only download software and music from legitimate websites. • It is a representation or structure of a network that deals with different types of connectivity • It is the physical and logical design of a network. • POINT-TO-POINT TOPOLOGY • -the simplest topology consisting of two connected computers. • This is the simplest and the earliest type of topology that links two end points. • A configuration for a LAN in which all nodes are connected to a main communications line. • The BUS TOPOLOGY uses a common cable to connect all the computers.
• - A computer wanting to communicate with
another computer on the network sends the message to all computers through the cable, but only the target computer accepts the message. • A local area network in which devices are connected in a closed loop or ring. • In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device to the next until they reach their destination. Most ring topologies allow packets to travel only in one direction, called a unidirectional ring network. Others permit data to move in either direction, called bidirectional. •Alternatively referred to as a star network. • The central network device acts as a server and the peripheral devices act as clients. • A local area network in which each device(node) is connected to a central computer in a star-shaped configuration; commonly, a network consisting of a central computer surrounded by terminals • Uses a central device such as a hub, switch, or a router to connect a computer/ computer to the network. All communications requests are transmitted through the central device before reaching the intended target computer. • Centralized management of the network, through the use of the central computer, hub, or switch. • Easy to add another computer to the network. • If one computer on the network fails, the rest of the network continues to function normally. • When two hubs of different topologies are joined so that the devices attached to them can communicate as in figure, it is called a Star-Bus network. • When a computer on a typical star bus sends a message, it travels to the hub. If the hub is an active hub, it regenerates the signal and then sends it out via all ports to the rest of the computers on the network. If the hub is a switching hub, it sends the message out via only the port to which the destination computer is attached. • Each computer includes everything it needs to serve as a relay point for sending information to any other computer on the network. In a mesh topology, every device in the network is physically connected to every other device in the network. • Can handle high amounts of traffic, because multiple devices can transmit data simultaneously. • A failure of one device does not cause a break in the network or transmission of data. • Node – (latin nodus, ‘knot’)
any device that is connected to a
network; usually, this means a PC, but other devices, such as printers, can also be nodes. -How nodes are linked
e.g CABLES FIBER OPTIC RADIO WAVES • Workstation – simply as a regular home computer
• Host – It gives data
• Protocol – It is how data is formatted, transmitted, and received
• Network Interface Card – allows the computer to connect to the network • E.g • Network Interface Card: Network adapter is a device that enables a computer to talk with other computer/network. • Using unique hardware addresses (MAC address) encoded on the card chip, the data-link protocol employs these addresses to discover other systems on the network so that it can transfer data to the right destination. • - Company that sells access to the internet, allowing users to send e-mail and browse WWW(World Wide Web), among other tasks. • The World is an Internet service provider originally headquartered in Brookline, Massachusetts. It was the first commercial ISP in the world, with its first customer logging on in November 1989. • the World is operated by Software Tool & Die. The site and services were initially hosted solely under the domain name world.std.com which continues to function to this day. • Dial-Up (Analog 56Kbps). -A modem (internal or external) connects to the Internet after the computer dials a phone number. This analog signal is converted to digital via the modem and sent over a land-line serviced by a public telephone network.
-WINDOWS 95/98 • one that handles a wide band of frequencies.
• wide bandwidth data transmission which transports multiple
signals and traffic types.
• The medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio or twisted
pair. • -an internet connection that is always “on”. DSL uses a router to transport data and the range of connection speed, depending on the service offered, is between 128K to 8 Mbps. • Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) – Used primarily by residential customers, ADSL allows faster downstream data transmission over the same line used to provide voice service, without disrupting regular telephone calls on that line. • Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) – Used typically by businesses for services such as video conferencing, which need significant bandwidth both upstream and downstream. • a form of broadband Internet access which uses the same infrastructure as a cable television.
• Cable provides an internet connection through a cable modem
and operates over cable TV lines.
• Cable speeds range from 512K to 20 Mbps.
• The newest broadband service is fiber-optic, which is the fastest Internet connection thus far.
• You might think of your Internet connection as the pipe that
connects you to your water service. Less water can flow through a narrow, older pipe than through a broad, brand new pipe. Fiber-optic is the biggest digital pipe that technology has come up with so far. • Standard ADSL broadband is restricted to 24Mbps but fiber connections can provide customers with lightning-fast speeds presently reaching 100Mbps. • Wireless broadband is used to provide both fixed and mobile Internet access
• Wireless, or Wi-Fi, as the name suggests, does not use
telephone lines or cables to connect to the internet.
• IEEE 802.11ac - supercharged version of 802.11n.
• How does Wi-Fi work? • A Wi-Fi network uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit information across a LAN, the reach of which can be extended by a Wi-Fi range extender. A computer utilizes a wireless adapter to translate data transmitted by radio waves. These waves are different from those emitted by, for example, FM radios, for which frequency is measured in megahertz (MHz). Wi-Fi's signals are transmitted in frequencies of between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz (GHz). This signal is then transmitted from the adapter through a router, after which it is sent to the internet. • Is the marketing term for wireless Internet access through a portable modem, USB wireless modem, tablet/smartphone or other mobile device. • 1G refers to the first generation of wireless cellular technology (mobile telecommunications). These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s • The main difference between the two mobile cellular systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are analog, while 2G networks are digital. • 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi media messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it. • GSM -Global System for Mobile Communications • CSD – CIRCUID SWITCH DATA • CDPD - Cellular Digital Packet Data • GSM-GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) 2.5G • GSM-EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)2.75G • 1G – voice signal only • 2G- Voice and data signals • 2.5G” using GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) • 2.75 – EDGE is an abbreviation for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution. EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows the clear and fast transmission of data and information up to 384kbit/s speed. • 3G – Voice, Data and Video signals • 4G- High Speed In Summary Symbol Name Generation Download UK Date Speeds G GPRS 2G 0.1 Mb/s 2000 E EDGE 2.5G 0.4 Mb/s 2006 3G 3G 3G 2 Mb/s 2003 H HSDPA 3.5G 7.2 Mb/s 2006 H+ HSDPA+ 3.75G 21 Mb/s 2011 LTE LTE / 4G 4G 100 Mb/s 2013 • Satellite accesses the internet via a satellite in Earth’s orbit. The enormous distance that a signal travels from earth to satellite and back again, provides a delayed connection compared to cable and DSL. Satellite connection speeds are around 512K to 2.0 Mbps. • Is an intermediary device that connects to a LAN to a larger LAN or WAN • Passive, repeating any inputs to all computers
• A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network.
• When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other
ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets. • Logically it works Like BUS Topology But Look like STAR Topology. • Hub is a device that splits a network connection into multiple computers. It is like a distribution center. • When a computer request information from a network or a specific computer, it sends the request to the hub through a cable. • The hub will receive the request and transmit it to the entire network. Each computer in the network should then figure out whether the broadcast data is for them or not. • A switch is used to connect various network segments. A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network.
• Selectively switching inputs to specific destination computers.
• Just as in hub, devices in switches are connected to them through
twisted pair cabling. HUB SWITCH Layer Physical layer. Hubs are Data Link classified as Layer 1 Layer. devices per the OSI Network model. switches operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model. Ports 4/12 ports Switch is multi port Bridge. 24/48 ports Device Type Passive Device Active Device (With (Without Software) Software) & Networking device • - An entry point to a computer network.
• In ENTERPRISES, the gateway is the computer that routes the
traffic from a workstation to the outside network that is serving the Web pages. In homes, the gateway is the ISP that connects the user to the internet. • The Gateway controls traffic that travels from the inside network to the Internet and provides security from traffic that wants to enter the inside network from the Internet. • In the image above the Gateway IP Address would be 192.168.5.222, using the example addresses from above. This gateway could be a router that would have two network connections, one to the internal network and one to the Internet. The IP Address of the workstations and web server would need to be addresses on the 192.168.5.0 network to connect to the gateway. Notice that the workstations and server all connect to a hub/switch before they connect to the gateway since the gateway will probably have only one connection. • When you add a computer to your home network that needs access to the Internet, one of the required settings is the Gateway. Your computer needs to know how to get to the Internet, thus the Gateway. You then need to supply the IP Address of your Gateway so that computer has access. -is a term used to describe all data communications on a computer or computer network at a given point.
-During high traffic periods a computer or computer network
may slow down and become congested if not adequate for the load. In some cases, too much traffic may prevent a computer or network device from operating. •FIREWALL – Keeps external users from accessing resources on the LAN while letting LAN users access the external information. •Is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.