CRUSTAL DEFORMATION

Group 5 Geology
Reporters: Shaira Barcelona and Kate Albero
 Deformation

*Is the bending, tilting and braking of earth’s

crust.
*Change in the size / shape of any rock units due
to stress
 STRESS AND STRAIN

Stress –The amount of force that is exerted

on rock.

Strain – change in shape/ shape caused by

stress. next
 STRESS
*The amount of force that is exerted on rock.
*Occurs when crust is squeezed, stretched, and twisted
when the lithosphere moves.
*Occurs when crust is squeezed, stretched, and twisted
when the lithosphere moves.
*Reduces the volume of rock- Pushes rock higher up,
uplift.
 TYPES OF STRESS

Confining pressure – were stress is applied

uniformly in all directions.

Differential stress – are applied unequally in

different directions.
 STRAIN
* Any change in the shape or volume of rock that
results from stress.
*If stress is applied slowly, the deformed rock may
regain its original shape when the stress is removed.
*Some stress leads to permanent deformation of the
rock.
* Type of strain depends on composition of rock,
temperature, and pressure.
 TYPES OF
DIFFERENTIAL STRESS
Compressional
Tensional
Shear
next
back

Compressional stress
• Compresses rock.
 Horizontal
compressional stress
causes rock bodies to
shorten horizontally
and thicken vertically.
back

Tensional stress
• Pulls apart rocks.
 Horizontal tensional
stress causes rock
bodies to lengthen
hprizontally and thin
vertically.
back

Shear stress
• Affect forces.
 Cause
displacements
along fault zones or
by ductile flow.
Next
 Deformation of rocks

Elastic deformation
- bounce back to original size / shape.
Plastic deformation
- Permanent change
 TWO TYPES OF PLASTIC
DEFORMATION
Brittle
Ductile
 Ductile

*materials bend or deform without

breaking.
* Occur at higher temperature/pressure.
 Brittle strain

* appears as cracks or fractures.

* Occurs mostly at the surface, lower
temperature/pressure.
whether rocks have ductile or brittle deformation it
depends on:

*temperature
*confining pressure
*rock type
*time
 Folds and faults
Folds - result from ductile deformation
of rocks.
Faults- result from brittle
deformation of rock.
 Parts of a Fold

Limbs – The two sides of a fold.

Axial plane – Imaginary surface
dividing a fold along it’s hinge line.
Parts of a Fold
MONOCLINE FOLD

* Both limbs are

horizontal
* Form when one
side moves up or
down
Monocline in San Juan
River in Utah
ANTICLINE FOLD

*Oldest layers are

in the center,
turns downwards.
Ehden ,Lebanon
SYNCLINE FOLD

*Youngest layers
are in the center,
turns upwards.
Calico Ghost Town in
the Mojave Desert of
California
 Circular folds
Dome -upwarded displacement.

Basin - downward displacement.

The Richat Structure in Oblique aerial
the Sahara Desert of photo of Upheaval
Mauritania Dome, Utah
Albuquerque,
New Mexico.
Parts of fault
 * The main components of a fault are:

(1) the fault plane

(2) the fault trace
(3) the hanging wall
(4) the footwall
*The fault plane - is where the action is. It is a flat
surface that may be vertical or sloping.
*The fault trace- is the line makes by the fault
plane on the Earth's surface .
*The hanging wall-is the upper side.
*The footwall-is the lower side .
The strike - is the direction of the fault
trace on the Earth's surface.

The dip- is the measurement of how steeply

the fault plane slopes.
*For example, if you dropped a marble on the
fault plane, it would roll exactly down the
direction of dip.
Types of faults
 Normal fault
*Hanging wall (which is
above fault) moves down
compared
footwall (below fault).
*Occur at divergent
boundaries
*Great Rift Valley, Africa
 Reverse fault
*Hanging wall moves up
compared to footwall
*Occur at convergent
boundaries (compression)
*Thrust fault is a type of
reverse fault.
 Strike-slip fault
*Rocks slide
horizontally to each
other
*Due to shear stress at
transform boundaries
*San Andreas fault
2 types of strike slip fault
a. Right lateral strike slip fault
(dextral):where the side
opposite the observer
moves to the right
b. Left lateral strike slip
fault(sinistral) :where the
side opposite the observer
moves to the left