ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

The Process Within

What is endogenic processes?
• Endogenic process was formed,
located or occurring beneath the
surface of the earth
• It is associated with energy
originating in the interior of the
solid earth
• It is the forces that causes the
earth to move
Where does the Earth’s heat comes
from?
 Sources of heat:

• Accretion of Earth during its

formation
• Frictional heating, caused by
sinking of core materials to the
center of the planet
• Decay of radioactive materials
What are the main endogenic
processes?
• The main endogenic process are
FOLDING and FAULTING or
tectonic movements
• They take place mainly along the
plate boundaries, which are the
zones that are not stable.
• Endogenic processes cause many
major landform features.
• DEFORMATION
–Any change in the shape or size of
a rock as a response to the stress
–May occur by either folding or
faulting
What is FOLDING?
• FOLDING occurs when they are
subjected to tectonic forces from
opposite sides
What are the result of tectonic forces?
• Compressional stress causes
squeezing
• Tensional stress causes
stretching
• Shearing stress causes side to
side movement
• Folding often results in the
appearance of physical folds
What is FAULTING?
• Faulting is the result of the
fracture or displacement of rock
layer or strata along a fault
plane.
• A fault shows a displacement of
the two sides of a non vertical
fault:
–Hanging wall
–Footwall
What are the types of fault?
• DIP – SLIP FAULTS
–Vertical movement of the hanging
wall and footwall
–Examples:
• Normal fault (caused by tension)
• Reverse / thrust fault (caused by
compression)
• STRIKE SLIP FAULT
–Horizontal and parallel
displacements of the fault planes.
–Example
• Transform fault (caused by shear
strain)
OTHER ENDOGENIC PROCESS
 Volcanism
• A.k.a magnetism; volcanic activity;
igneous activity
• Magma beneath the crust is under
very great pressure. When folding
and faulting occur, cracks, or
fractures which are lines of weakness
are created
• When these lines of weakness
develop downward in the crust
and reach the magma, they will
release the pressure in the
magma.
• This allows the magma to rise up
along the lines of weakness and
intrude into the crust. Some
magma may even reach the
earth’s surface and some don’t.
Grading Metamorphic Rocks
The end