BY : DR.

ANCHAL PATHAK
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DOON BUSINESS SCHOOL
MEANING OF SOCIAL DIVERSITY
 Social diversity is a feature of a society which is determined by caste, class,
religion, occupational pattern in a given territory. In the social sphere, the
general customs and manners of the people greatly differ. People of
different regions use different types of dresses, their eating habits and
customs differ. Certain people are quite civilized while others are very
backward in their customs. In short, “India is a museum of cults and
customs, creeds and cultures, faiths and tongues, racial types and social
systems”.
 A successful community in which individuals of different race,
ethnicity, religious beliefs, socio economic status experience
and interest for the benefit of their diverse community.
PEOPLING
 WHO ARE we?

 Where did we come from?

 When did we get here?

 How many communities are we?

 How are we all related?

PEOPLING
 The peopling of India refers to the migration of Humans and Humanoids
into India. Evidence of humanoid population in India may stretch as far back
as 1,500,000 years before today.

 Modern humans settled India in multiple waves of migrations, over tens of

millennia. The first migrants came with the Southern Coastal dispersal, ca.
60,000 years ago, where after complex migrations within south and Southeast
Asia took place. With the onset of farming the population of India changed
significantly by the migration of Dravidians, Indo-European, Austro asiatic,
Indo Aryan Tibeto-Burmese. In past 2000 years of history Yunani, Turkish,
Mughal, British, Fransis , Purtgalis came to India and they changed culture of
Indians a lot.
DEMOGRAPHY
 What do we mean by demography?

Demography can be defined as the general science of

studying human population. It is the statistics of the
population that is subjected to spatio-temporal change
in accordance with aging, birth, death, migration etc.
The demography of any place helps to gather
information about the population, religion, language
and ethnicity of that place.
What data do we get from India demographics?

 India demographics occupy 2nd rank among the world's most

populated countries. With its current population of more than 1.21
billion people (As per Census of India 2011), the country is estimated to
surpass China and be the leading populous country in the world. The
total population of the nation is growing at the rate of 1.41 %. Similar to
any other demography, Indian demography even projects varied
information regarding the country. Let us have a quick look at the
information, which can be gathered from the demography of our
nation as provided in the report published by the Census Operations of
India post Census 2011.
DATA
Population:
Total: 1, 210, 193, 422
Females: 5, 86, 469, 174
Males: 6, 23, 724, 248
Density of Population: 382 per sq. km.
Decadal growth (2001 - 2011): 1, 81, 455, 986
Decadal growth rate (2001 - 2011): 17.64 %
Birth rate: 20.97 births/ 1, 000 population
Growth rate: 1.344 %
Death rate: 7.48 deaths/ 1, 000 populations
Fertility rate: 2.62 children born/ woman
Infant mortality rate:
Total: 47.57 deaths/ 1, 000 live births
Female: 49.14 deaths/ 1, 000 live births
Male: 46.18 deaths/ 1, 000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
Total: 66.8 years
Female: 67.95 years
Male: 65.77 years
Continued…
 Age structure:
 65 years and over: 5.5 % (Male: 30, 831, 190 and Female:
33, 998, 613)
 15 years to 64 years: 64.9 % (Male: 3, 98, 757, 331 and
Female: 3, 72, 719, 379)
 0 years to 14 years: 29.7 % (Male: 1, 87, 450, 635 and
Female: 1, 65, 415, 758)
 Sex ratio:
 Total: 1 female/ 1.08 males
 65 years and over: 1 female/ 0.91 male
 15-64 years: 1 female/ 1.07 males
 Below 15 years: 1 female/ 1.13 males
 At birth: 1 female/ 1.12 males
 Literacy:
 Total: 77, 84, 54, 120
 Females: 33, 42, 50, 358
 Males: 44, 42, 03, 762
 Literacy rate:
 Total: 74.04 %
 Females: 65.46 %
 Males: 82.14 %
Net migration rate: -0.05 migrant/ 1, 000 population
Languages
 There is no single language that the whole of the
nation speaks or a single language that has been
declared as the “National Language.”
 India has a total of 122 major languages and 1599 other
languages (Office of the Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India).
 Hindi and English are used by the central government
while each state has the freedom to choose its official
language.
 A total of twenty two languages have been declared as
the scheduled languages.
 There two major families in which the Indian
languages can be divided into:
 The Indo-Aryan family – This is the dominant
language family and its languages are being spoken by
more than 70% of the population mainly in northern,
western and central India.
 The Dravidian family – The languages in this
language family are being spoken by more than 20% of
the population in southern India and parts of eastern
and central India.

CASTES
 India is a country of castes. The term caste is generally
used in two senses: sometimes in the sense of Varna
and sometimes in the sense of Jati.
 Varna refers to a segment of the four-fold division of
Hindu society based on functional criterion. The four
varnas are Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra
with their specialized functions as learning, defense,
trade and manual service. The Varna hierarchy is
accepted all over India.
 Jati refers to a hereditary endogamous status group
practicing a specific traditional occupation. There are
more than 3,000 jatis in India. These are hierarchically
graded in different ways in different religions.
 The system which divides Hindus into rigid hierarchical groups
based on their karma (work) and dharma (the Hindi word for
religion, but here it means duty) is generally accepted to be
more than 3,000 years old.
 How did caste come about?
 Manusmriti, widely regarded to be the most important and
authoritative book on Hindu law and dating back to at least
1,000 years before Christ was born, "acknowledges and
justifies the caste system as the basis of order and regularity of
society".
 The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories -
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe
that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of
creation.
 The main castes were further divided into about 3,000
castes and 25,000 sub-castes, each based on their specific
occupation.
Religious
 The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of
the world's major religions; namely Hinduism,
Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. According to the 2011
census, 79.8% of the population of India practices
Hinduism, 14.2% adheres to Islam, 2.3% adheres to
Christianity, and 1.7% adheres to Sikhism.
 Zoroastrianism , Sanamahism and Judaism also have an
ancient history in India, and each has several thousands of
Indian adherents. India has the largest population of
people adhering to Zoroastrianism (i.e. Parsis and Iranis)
even though these religions initially grew in Persia.
Evolution of Hinduism in India
 Hinduism is often regarded as the oldest religion in the
world,with roots tracing back to prehistoric times, over 5,000
years ago. Hinduism spread through parts of Southeastern
Asia, China, Korea, and Japan. Hindus worship a single god
with different forms.
 Akshardham, one of the largest Hindu temples in the world.
 Hinduism's origins include the cultural elements of the Indus
Valley Civilisation along with other Indian civilisations. The
oldest surviving text of Hinduism is the Rigveda, produced
during the Vedic period and dating to 1700–1100 BCE. During
the Epic and Puranic periods, the earliest versions of the epic
poems, in their current form
including Ramayana and Mahabharata were written roughly
from 500–100 BCE, although these were orally transmitted
through families for centuries prior to this period.
Rise of Shramana Religions
Jainism in India and Buddhism in India
 Historical roots of Jainism in India is traced back to 9th-century BC
with the rise of Parshvanatha and his non-violent philosophy.
Mahavira the 24th Jain Tirthankara (599–527 BCE) before that 23
Tirthankaras (started from Shri Rishavdeva) for this chaubishi, (
before that infinite 24 tirthankara ) stressed five vows,
including ahimsa (non-violence) and asteya (non-stealing).
 Gautama Buddha, who founded Buddhism, was born to
the Shakya clan just before Magadha (which lasted from 546–324
BCE) rose to power. His family was native to the plains of Lumbini, in
what is now southern Nepal. Indian Buddhism peaked during the
reign of Ashoka the Great of the Mauryan Empire, who patronised
Buddhism following his conversion and unified the Indian
subcontinent in the 3rd century BCE. He sent missionaries abroad,
allowing Buddhism to spread across Asia.Indian Buddhism declined
following the loss of royal patronage offered by the Kushan
Empire and such kingdoms as Magadha and Kosala.
SIKHISM
Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469–1539) was the founder of Sikhism.
The Guru Granth Sahib was first compiled by the fifth Sikh
guru, Guru Arjan Dev, from the writings of the first five Sikh
gurus and others saints who preached the concept of universal
brotherhood, including those of the Hindu and Muslim faith.
Before the death of Guru Gobind Singh, the Guru Granth Sahib
was declared the eternal guru. Sikhism recognises all humans as
equal before Waheguru, regardless of colour, caste or lineage.
Sikhism strongly rejects the beliefs
of fasting (vrata), superstitions, idol worship and circumcision.
CHRISTIANITY
 Tradition says that Christianity was introduced to India by Thomas the Apostle, who
visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE and proselytized natives at large, who are known as Saint
Thomas Christians (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasrani) today. Although the exact
origins of Christianity in India remain unclear, there is a general scholarly consensus that
Christianity was rooted in India by the 6th century AD, including some communities who
used Syriac liturgically, and it is a possibility that the religion's existence in India extends to as
far back as the 1st century. Christianity in India has different denominations like Roman
Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy etc.

 Most Christians reside in South India, particularly in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Goa. There are
also large Christian populations in the North-east Indian states. Christianity in India was
expanded in the 16th century by Catholic Portuguese expeditions and by Protestant British
and US missionaries in the 18th century.
ISLAM
 Islam is the second largest religion in India, with 14.2% of the
country's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as
adherents of Islam (2011 census).It makes India the country with the
largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.
 Though Islam came to India in the early 7th century with the advent
of Arab traders in Malabar coast, Kerala, it started to become a
major religion during the Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent.
Islam's spread in India mostly took place under the Delhi
Sultanate (1206–1526) and the Mughal Empire (1526–1858), greatly
aided by the mystic Sufi tradition.
ETHNICITY
 Indian civilization is one of the oldest in the world and
primarily consists of the Into-Aryans of North India and
the Dravidians of South India, the latter being the original
inhabitants of the country, with links to the people of the
Indus Valley Civilization while the former migrated to the
country at about 1800 BCE. As India has such a diverse
cultural demographic, it makes sense that the country is
also incredibly linguistically diverse.
INDO - ARYANS
 The Indo-Aryan people are part of the various Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups who
speak one of the many Indo-Aryan languages. It is estimated that the Indo-Aryans first
migrated to the Indian Subcontinent of South Asia around 1800 BCE. Indo-Aryans make up the
majority of the Indian population and are mostly located in north and central India.
 The Indo-Aryans are the most diverse group of people in India, being made up of Assamese,
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi and Punjabi. The Indo-Aryans dominated
all of India, outside of South India where most Indians are of Dravidian origin. Many of India's
great dynasties and empires came from the Indo-Aryan peoples of India, like the Maurya
Empire (322-185 BC), the Gupta Empire (320-558), the Karkota Empire (625-885), the Pala
Empire (700-1100), the Maratha Empire (1674-1818), and the Mughal Empire (1526-1857),
just to name the major ones. Each of the Indo-Aryan ethnic groups has their own language or
languages.
DRAVIDIANS
 The Dravidian people are any native speakers of the Dravidian languages in the
Indian Subcontinent of South Asia. Almost all the Dravidians of India live in the
south of India. The five major ethnic groups of Dravidian people in India are
Kannadiga, Malayali, Tulu, Tamil, and Telugu.
 The ancient Indus Valley civilization in India was believed to have been of Dravidian
origin in northern India, but then the Dravidian people were pushed south when
the Indo-Aryans came in and the Kuru Kingdom in northern Indian arose. Later
south India was dominated by the three Dravidian kingdoms of the Cheras, Cholas,
and the Pandyas. These three kingdoms have been shown to sponsor the growth of
literature, music, the arts and to have done extensive trading. The three kingdoms
also supported and were tolerant of Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism, which is
part of the reason why the Dravidian people have a diverse religious following. The
Chera kingdom fell to the Rashtrakuta Dynasty over time, and then eventually the
Vijayanagara Empire dominated all of south India. Eventually, after a few centuries
in power, the Vijayanagara Empire collapsed in 1646 due to rebellions and pressure
from the Muslim north. South India then split up into smaller states that were then
slowly taken over by colonists from Europe. The major languages spoken by the
Dravidian people are Brahui, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu.
Mongoloid and Other Minority
Groups

The Brachycephalic peoples were the first to arrive in India, having traveled
all the way from Africa. In modern mainland India, only small groups of the
Brachycephalic peoples, like the Irulas, Kodars, Paniyans, and Kurumbas,
live in small areas in southern India in hill tribes. They are mostly found in
the Indian territories of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The next group
of people to arrive in India were the were the Austrics, who were the group
that paved the way for the modern foundation for Indian civilization. They
were the first in India to have cultivated vegetables and rice, as well as
made sugar. There are very few Austrics found in India now, but their
languages still live on in Eastern and Central India. The Mongoloids are
found in the various states in the northeastern part of India, as well as in
the northern areas in the states of Ladakh, parts of West Bengal, and
Sikkim. The last minority group in India are the Western Brachycephals who
mostly live in the western part of India is areas like Kashmir, Gujarat, Tamil
Nadu and Maharashtra.
FAMILY- DEMOGRPHIC VIEW OF
INDIAN FAMILIES
 Population and Households
 India's population of 846 million (Ministry of Home
Affairs ¾ Social Studies Division, 1991) lives in 152 million
households. These are grouped into 112 million rural and 40
million urban families. Although the urban population is a
quarter of the total, its increase has been significantly large
and its increasing impact on the family is inevitable. One of the
stark realities in India is that life is harsh due to lack of basic,
civic, educational, health, and other infra-structural facilities in
both rural and urban areas. Despite the fact that the pace of
urbanization has started accelerating, the overwhelming
majority of Indian families is still rural based and 43% of these
live below the poverty line. Nearly half of the urban poor
families live in slums (Gulati, 1995).
 Religious Composition of the Households
 The Indian population can be divided on the basis of its religious composition. In 1981,
the overwhelming majority forming 82.35% were Hindus followed by 11.74% Muslims,
2.44% Christians, 1.97% Sikhs, and 1.57% others. The Hindus are divided into numerous
castes and sub-castes. Although dogmatically Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and Jainism
do not approve the caste division, in practice castes or caste like groups also exist in each
of them.

 Most Hindu castes practice the patrilineal family system, although in the south-western
state of Kerala the Nairs and a few other castes practice, by tradition, the matrilineal
family system. Similarly, the Garo and Khasi tribes in north-eastern India are matrilineal
though their matriliny is, in some ways, different from that of the Nairs. "From joint
family to elementary farmer," this has been a slogan to summarize changes in the family
in India during modern times.
Ethnicity, Sects & Kinship in Social
Culture
 An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each
other based on common language, ancestral, social, cultural, or national
experiences. Unlike most other social groups, ethnicity is primarily an
inherited status. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a
shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland,
language or dialect, symbolic systems such
as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art, and physical
appearance.
 Ethnic groups, derived from the same historical founder population, often
continue to speak related languages and share a similar gene pool, and
may be grouped as ethno-linguistic groups (e.g. Iranian peoples, Slavic
peoples, Bantu peoples, Turkic peoples, Austronesian peoples, Nilotic
peoples, etc.) By way of language
shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, it is possible for
some individuals or groups to leave one ethnic group and become part of
another (except for ethnic groups emphasizing racial purity as a key
membership criterion). Ethnicity is often used synonymously with
ambiguous terms such as nation or people.
 2. Sects
 A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political or philosophical belief
system, usually an offshoot of a larger religious group. Although it used
to be mostly used to refer to religious groups, it can now refer to any
organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set
of rules and principles.
 1. A group of people forming a distinct unit within a larger group by virt
ue of certain refinements or distinctions of belief or practice.
 2. A religious body, especially one that has separated from a larger deno
mination.
 3. A faction united by common interests or beliefs.
 The term is occasionally used in a malicious way to suggest the broken-
off group follows a more negative path than the original.
 A sect, in an Indian context, refers to an organized tradition.
 Ex. Muslim – Siya & Sunni
 Jain – Swetamber & Digamber
 Hindu – Brahman , Kshatriya , Sudra & Vaishya
 . Kinship
 Kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of
most humans in most societies.

 Kinship System in India indicates the specific mode of behavior to determine each and
every possible form of relationship between the individuals in a society and it establishes
definite functions for every relationship not only by blood but by marriage as well.

 Since kinship terms designate social statuses, what we must call a person ideally
determines how we must behave towards him. Further, all persons who are called by the
same kinship term should receive the same sort of treatment, since they enjoy
ideologically identical statuses in the system of social organization.
 Social Institutions
 A social institution consists of a group of people who
have come together for a common purpose. These
institutions are a part of the social order of society and
they govern behavior and expectations of individuals.
 Social Institutions Categories:
 Community: A group of people residing in the same
locality and under the same government or a group or
class having common interests.
 Educational Institutions: Social organizations
dedicated to teaching skills and knowledge to
individuals.
 Ethnic or Cultural Groups: A social organization
consisting of many extended family groups related by a
distant, common ancestry.
 Extended Family: A social organization consisting of
several nuclear family groups related by common ancestry.
 Families and Households: A fundamental social group
consisting especially of a man and a women and their
offspring; a domestic establishment including the
members of a family and other who live under the same
roof.
 Governments and Legal Institutions: The office,
function, authority, or organization that sets forth and
administer public policy and the affairs. A government
consists of a legislative branch which writes law and policy,
executive branch which executes law and policy, and
judicial branch which enforces law and policy. This
includes local, state, and national governments. This
includes all branches of the military.
 Health Care Institutions: Social institutions that
specialize in monitoring public health, providing health
maintenance, and treating illness and injury.
 Intellectual and Cultural Organizations: Social
organizations dedicated to search for new knowledge or
the development and preservation of art.
 Market Institutions: Social organizations dedicated to
barter and trade. This includes all corporations and
businesses.
 Political and Non Government Organizations: Social
organizations dedicated to influencing the processes of
government; political parties. This includes non-
governmental organizations and groups of people with
common goals, interests, or ideals formally bound together
by a common set of rules or by-laws that influence public
policy.
Socio-Culture Regions
 The term "sociocultural system" embraces three
concepts: society, culture, and system. A society is a
number of interdependent organisms of the same
species. A culture is the learned behaviors that are
shared by the members of a society, together with the
material products of such behaviors. The words
"society" and "culture" are fused together to form the
word "sociocultural". A system is "a collection of parts
which interact with each other to function as a whole".