RECAP

Talkie Time: Research Facts

Lesson 8, Objectives : The learner

1. Identify the guidelines in literature citation and citing

references (APA or MLA) - Addendum

2. Develop skills in proper parenthetical citation - addendum

Group Activity: Discuss in your group the answer
to these questions?

What is the importance of a Review of Literature?

What will happen if you don’t cite sources that

you borrow?

How do you cite sources?

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of related literature or

theoretical background consists of a
collection of pertinent reading, published
or unpublished, in local or foreign
settings.
Two parts:

1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND – non-research

reference materials written by authorities on the
subject that embody experiences, viewpoints and
interpretations of the subject of the research study.
These are published materials like books, journals,
magazines, pamphlets.
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2. Related Studies – are from unpublished
materials like theses, research reports,
seminar papers, and dissertations and have
bearing on the research study being
undertaken.

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What is the purpose of the Review of Literature?
PURPOSES:

1. It helps the researcher look for possible theories, concepts or

principles to support his investigation.

2. It can reveal investigations similar to your own, and it can show

you how the collateral researchers handled these situations.

3. It is essential in formulating a sound research problem or research

title, hypotheses or assumptions.
4. It can reveal to you sources of data that you may not have known
existed.

5. It enlightens the researcher as to the direction of the study.

6. It proves that the study is researchable and posses novelty.

7. It helps to identify the statistical instruments to be used in the

study.

8. It serves as a guide to writing the findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

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 Why Use Citation?
• Allows readers to cross-reference
your sources easily
• Provides consistent format within
a discipline
• Gives you credibility as a writer
• Protects you from plagiarism
 Avoiding Plagiarism
• Academic honesty and integrity!
–Proper citation of your sources can help you
avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It
may result in anything from failure of the
assignment to expulsion from school.
•You are academically dishonest if:
•Someone writes your paper for you
•You purchase a paper
•You copy a paper from online
•You fail to cite your sources
•Your present someone else’s ideas as your
own
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 Academic Paper Formats
MLA (Modern Language Association) - used in literature, arts
management, business and the humanities

APA (American Psychological Association) - used in social sciences, such

as psychology and education and natural sciences

CMS (Chicago Manual Style) -The Chicago Manual of Style, also often
called “Turabian Style”. Used in Social sciences and natural & physical
sciences, but most commonly in the humanities—literature, history, and
the arts.
 Citation Locations

Sources used to write a paper are acknowledged in two different

places within the paper:
1. As in-text citations within the text of the paper
2. In the Works Cited page at the end of the paper
.
 Why Source Integration?
 Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries
– provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
– refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
– give examples of several points of view on a subject
– call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
– highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by
quoting the original
– distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue
readers that the words are not your own
– expand the breadth or depth of your writing
 Choosing Text to Integrate
1. Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.
2. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of
the essay is.
3. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the
essay.
4. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you
believe should be quoted directly.
 Summarizing
 When you summarize, you put the main idea(s) into
your own words, including only the main point(s).
–Summarized ideas must be attributed to the original
source.
–Summaries are significantly shorter than the original.
–Summaries take a broad overview of source material.
 Paraphrasing
 Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material
into your own words.
– Attribute paraphrases to their original sources.
– Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may be the same
length as, the original passage.
– Paraphrases take a more focused segment of the source and
condense it slightly.
 Quoting
 Quotations must be identical to the original.
– Quotations use a narrow segment of the source.
– They must match the source document word for word and
must be attributed to the original author.
– Use quotes when the actual words are so integral to the
discussion that they cannot be replaced.
– Use quotes when the author’s words are so precisely and
accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased.
 Comparing In-Text Citations
• In-text citations are used when you need to give credit to an author for using a
quote (exact wording), paraphrasing (rewording), or discussing his/her ideas.
Example: (Mathis and Jones, 2009, pg. 74)
• All in-text citations for MLA, APA, CMS must reference the author’s name.

• Reference to the page number or publication year depends on the situation

and citation style.
• When using APA, always give the year of publication.
• When quoting, always give the page number in MLA & APA.
• When paraphrasing or simply referencing, no page number is needed for either
style.
• CMS General Form: (Author Last Name Year of Publication, Page #) 20
Example: “The study provided no significant findings regarding the relationship of Math
and Science skills in research study.”
Source: Johnson, Thomas and Arlene Maiden. Studies in College. New York:
McGraw- Hill. 2003. Print. (p 34)
Paraphrase
MLA: As stated by Johnson and Maiden, the research showed that there was…
APA: As stated in Johnson & Maiden (2003), the research showed that…
CMS: As stated by Johnson and Maiden, the research showed that there was…
Quote (In text)
MLA: As Johnson and Maiden explained, their “study…classes” (34).
APA: As Johnson & Maiden (2003) explained, their “study…classes” (p. 34).
CMS: As Johnson and Maiden explained, their “study…classes” 34.

Quote (no incorporation in text)

MLA: “…in research classes” (Johnson and Maiden 34).
APA: “…in research classes” (Johnson & Maiden, 2003, p. 34).
CMS: “…in research study” (Johnson & Maiden 2003, 34).
 Parenthetical Citations Multiple Authors
• 2 authors – cite both names separated by &
Example: (Rubin & Roessler, 2002, p. 127)
• 3-5 authors – cite major author’s first time; after first time, use et al.
Example:
(Chan et al., 20)
• 6 or more authors – cite first author’s name and et al.
Example:
(Rosenthal et al., 1992, p 23)
 Comparing References

• At the end of each research paper, a section must be devoted to listing

the information for each resource that you used in the paper. This
includes all resources that you quoted, paraphrased, or mentioned.

• If you have done your citing correctly, you should have mentioned
each reference work at least once in your paper and each cited
resource should have a reference citation.

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 Application
Source: STEC. STEC SHS Code. Lapu-Lapu City: DepEd Publishing. 2016. Print. (p 99)

“The STEC strictly adheres to its commitment as explained in the STEC SHS Code: We are the STEC
Senior High Students. Independent and self-reliant. We are committed to develop ourselves the
21st century skills: critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration. We are the
future, We are the leaders of STEC Senior High School. “

Paraphrase
MLA:
APA:
CMS
Quote (incorporation in text)
MLA:
APA:
CMS
Quote (non incorporation in text)
MLA:
APA:
CMS 24
 Application
Source: STEC. STEC SHS Code. Lapu-Lapu City: DepEd Publishing. 2016. Print. (p 99)
“The STEC strictly adheres to its commitment as explained in the STEC SHS Code: We are the STEC
Senior High Students. Independent and self-reliant. We are committed to develop ourselves the
21st century skills: critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration. We are the
future, We are the leaders of STEC Senior High School. “
Paraphrase
MLA: As stated by STEC, the statement on the STEC adheres…
APA: As stated by STEC (2016), statement on the STEC strictly adheres…
CMS : As stated by STEC, the statement on the STEC adheres…
Quote (incorporation in text)
MLA: As explained by STEC in STEC SHS Code, “The STEC… School” (99).
APA: As explained by STEC (2016) in STEC SHS Code, “The STEC… School” (p. 99).
CMS : As explained by STEC in STEC SHS Code, “The STEC… School” 99.
Quote (non incorporation in text)
MLA: “The STEC…School” (STEC 99).
APA: “The STEC…School” (STEC, 2016, p. 99).
CMS: “The STEC…School” (STEC 2016, 99). 25
SAMPLE RRL

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Groupings: Minimum Required Citations &
References

1. Theory (1)/Sub Theories (2)

2. Discussion of Variables (all)
3. Related studies (International 5)
4. Local studies (5)

append the References

submit soft copies for Plagiarism detector test
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 STEC SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT

RUBRIC FOR REVIEW OF LITERATURE/REFERENCES

(Developed by Dr. Bryant C. Acar)

4 3 2 1 Weights Score
CRITERIA Very Good Good Fair Poor

THEORY & Has the Lacking 1 on Lacking 2 on Lacking 3 on

STUDIES perfect any theory or any theory or any theory or X4
reference on studies studies studies
theories and required required required
studies
required
Paraphrasing Perfect 1-3 errors in 4-6 errors in 7-10 errors in X5
paraphrasing paraphrasing paraphrasing paraphrasing
& Quotation
& quotation and Quotations and Quotation and Quotation

FORMAT in Perfect format 1-3 errors 4-6 errors 7-10 errors X8

Citation
Format on Perfect 1-3 errors 4-6 errors 7-10 errors X8
References referencing

TOTAL
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