EARTH

SCIENCE

EXTERNAL
EARTH
PROCESS
OBJECTIVE:
•Describe how rocks
undergo weathering;
•Explain how the
products of weathering
are carried away by
erosion and deposited in
other places; and
•Explain how rocks and
soil move down slope
due to the action of
gravity .
 •BREAK DOWN OF ROCKS AND
OTHER MATERIALS.
•IT IS A SLOW BUT CONTINUOUS
PROCESS AFFECTING ALL
SUBSTANCES EXPOSED TO THE
ATMOSPHERE .
•Over long period of time, the rocks
crumble and decay.
MECHANICAL CHEMICAL
WEATHERING WEATHERING

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MECHANICAL WEATHERING
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WHAT IS MECHANICAL
WEATHERING ?
Mechanical weathering causes rocks to
be broken into smaller pieces. This types
of weathering does not change the
chemical composition of the rocks, since
they are torn apart by physical forces.

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 DIFFERENT AGENT OF
MECHANICAL WEATHERING :

•TEMPERATURE
•FROST ACTION
•ABRASION and
•ACTION OF LIVING THINGS
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 TEMPERATURE
Rocks break because
of the changes in
temperature.
During the day, the
Earth’s surface is
heated by the Sun. As
the surface of the
rock is heated. It
expands but it remain
cool inside.
During the night when the
temperature drops, the
surface of the rock is
cooled and the rocks
contracts.
The cycle of heating and
cooling as week as the
expansion and contraction of
rocks, repeated daily.
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 FROST ACTION
A unique property of water is that it expand when
it freezes. Frost action occurs when water seeps
into small cracks of rock layers. When air
temperature drops below the freezing point of
water, the water within the crack expands. As the
water expands, it exerts pressure to the
surrounding rocks that causes it to break.

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 This is weathering off of rocks by solid
ABRASION particles carried by wind, water and
other agents.
Wind that carries sand particles causes
abrasion of the rocks leading to unusual
rock formations on the Earth's surface.
Running water causes abrasion as it
carries other rock particles.
The rock particles in the water scrape
the rocks in the riverbed causing the
rocks to become rounded and smooth .

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 ACTION OF LIVING THINGS
THIS THREE CAN CAUSE MECHANICAL WEATHERING.

PLANTS HUMANS ANIMALS

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PLANTS Plant roots try to push
through the underground
rocks to get their needed
nutrients. As they mature,
the roots grow bigger and
longer and exert pressure
on the rocks causing them
to break.

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 HUMANS
The construction of
roads, dams, power
plants, and other types
of groundwork by
humans cause rocks to
break, too.

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 ANIMALS
There are burrowing
animals that build
tunnel into the rocks to
create space where they
live.

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CHEMICAL WEATHERING

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Chemical weathering
changes the mineral content
and the chemical
composition of rocks. As
chemical changes occur,
minerals may either be
added or removed from
rocks

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 DIFFERENT AGENT OF
MECHANICAL WEATHERING :

•WATER •SULFURIC ACID

•OXYGEN •ACID FROM
•CARBON PLANTS AND
DIOXIDE ANIMALS

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 WATER
Almost all chemical weathering
due to the action of water. Water
can dissolve most of the minerals
present in the rocks. It can form
acids when it combines with
some of the gases in the air. It
can also combine with minerals
to form a different kind of
minerals.

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 OXYGEN
Oxygen combines with other
substances to form entirely new
substance.

For example, when iron-bearing rocks

are exposed to the surface, their
physical properties and chemical
composition mat change. When iron
reacts with oxygen in the air, it form
rust which is diff. substance. The
rocks become brittle and break easily.

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CARBON DIOXIDE
Weathering effect of acid rain.
Carbon Dioxide in air
combines with rain water
to form weak solution of
carbonic acid. It can the
seep into the rocks and
dissolve the parts of the
rock that react with acid.
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SULFUR OXIDE

Sulfur oxides are produced

when fossil fuels are burned.
They combine with rain water
to form sulfuric acid. Sulfuric
Acid is stronger than carbonic
acid. It easily corrodes rocks, A rocks dissolve away from its
host rock
metals, and other materials.

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 ACIDS AND
CHEMICAL FROM
ORGANISMS
organism release chemicals
that cause weathering
Organisms such as plants can
also cause chemical weathering.
They produce acid and other
chemicals that dissolve some
minerals in rocks.
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 EROSION AND
SEDIMENTATION

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 AGENTS OF EROSION THAT CONTINOUSLY
SHAPE THE EARTH’S SURFACE:

•WINDS •GLACERS
•WAVE •GRAVITY
•RUNNING
WATER
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 WIND
Is the most agents of erosions in deserts, open fields and
beaches. In these places, loose materials are abundant and can be
easily pick up and carry by the wind.

DUNES are mounds that are built by

wind consisting of loose sand.

LOESS is the deposit of fine sand and

silt. It is light in color and without
visible layer.
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 WAVES
Constantly erode and shaped the shoreline.

The SHORELINE is where the

body of water and land meet.

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 RUNNING WATER
IS ONE OF THE MAJOR AGENTS OF
EROSION. FROM FALLING RAINDROPS TO
RUSHING RIVERS, RUNNING WATER HAS A
GREAT IMPACT ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE.

RUNOFF is the rainwater that flows on the surface and flows to the
river and streams.

Carry large amount of

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sediments
RIVERS BANKS
FORMING:
OXBOW LAKES, ALLUVIAL
FANS, DELTAS, FLOOD
PLAINS, AND LEVEES.
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OXBOW LAKE

is a U-shaped lake that

forms when a wide
meander of a river is cut off,
creating a free-standing
body of water.

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 ALLUVIAL FANS
Alluvial fans are triangular-
shaped deposits of water-
transported material, often
referred to as alluvium.

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DELTA
A river delta is
a landform created
by deposition of sediment tha
t is carried by a river as the
flow leaves its mouth and
enters slower-moving or
stagnant water.

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 FLOOD PLAIN

An area of low-lying ground

adjacent to a river, formed
mainly of river sediments
and subject to flooding.

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LEVEE
A levee, dike, dyke,
embankment, floodbank
or stopbank is an
elongated naturally
occurring ridge or
artificially constructed fill
or wall, which regulates
water levels.
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THANK
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