St. Anthony'S College - Nursing Department: Theoretical Foundations in Nursing

ST.
ANTHONY’S COLLEGE – NURSING

DEPARTMENT
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN
NURSING
JERRY VILLESENDA ABLE, RN, MAN, BSN

LECTURER FPPT.com
jerryable@23/jul2019
Week 1
Intended Learning Outcomes:
Students acquire understanding about the

course
SAC – Mission
• St. Anthony’s College is a
Catholic Institution committed
to holistic human formation
through Spirituality, Academic
excellence and Community
service
SAC – Mission
• To provide quality, holistic,
relevant educational programs
, services, and experiences for
our students and other
stakeholders in Antique and
the larger community.
Institutional Objectives
• Form clientele to become mature
Christian with Gospel values of
leadership, responsibility and
compassion.
• Promote academic excellence through
the development of competencies and
attitudes for global compatibility
Institutional Objectives
• Build community where recognition and
acceptance, support, and
encouragement of one another are
nurtured
• Respond to the needs of the larger
community through one’s involvement
Program Learning Outcomes
• Apply knowledge of physical, social,
natural, and health sciences and
humanities in the excellent and innovative
practice of nursing, guided by Anthonian
values.
• Provide safe, appropriate, and holistic
nursing care to individuals, families,
population groups and, community,
utilizing nursing process in any healthcare
setting.
• Apply guidelines and principles of
evidence-based practice in the delivery
of healthcare.
• Practice nursing guided by Catholic /
Anthonian core values taking into
consideration legal, ethical and moral
principles.
• Communicate effectively using
culturally-sensitive language and display
proficiency and responsibility in the use
of information technology.
• Report and document accurate,
comprehensive, and updated client
care.
Program LO
• Work effectively in collaboration with
inter-, intra-, and multidisciplinary and
multi-cultural teams.
• Function effectively as a conscientious
Anthonian leader-manager and
member of the health care team in the
delivery of client care.
Program LO
• Conduct research with an experienced
researcher.
• Engage in purpose-driven life-long
learning to keep abreast with national
and global developments in general,
and nursing and health development in
particular.
Program LOs
• Demonstrate responsible and engaged
citizenship behaviors and pride being a Filipino
Anthonian nurse in response to national and
global issues.
• Apply techno-intelligent care systems and
processes in healthcare delivery.
• Apply core values in the practice of nursing
profession.
• Apply entrepreneurial skills in the delivery of
nursing care.
Course LOs
1. Differentiate views given by various nursing
theorist on person, health, environment, and
nursing
2. Describe the various non-nursing theories as
applied to nursing
3. Utilize selected nursing theory and non-
nursing theories in the care of clients
4. Demonstrate selected competencies under
the eleven key areas of responsibilities
pertinent to nursing
Requirements
• Individual envelop colored green with
your name
• Three folders with label (Prelim,
Midterm, and Finals)
• Small quiz notebooks with your name
Grading System
Grading Components
Class Standing ------------------------------ 60
Quizzes/Long Test --------- 20
Seatwork ------------------- 10
Assignments --------------- 20
Projects --------------------- 10
Periodic Examination --------------------- 40
Total ---------------------------------------- 100%
Raw scores are transmuted, where 50% is
equivalent to the passing grade of 75%
Grading System
• Highest Grade ------- 100 (new)
• Passing Grade ------- 75 to general
education subject 80 for professional
subjects
• Failing Grade--------- 74 and below
• Lowest Grade ------- 70
Computation of Course Grade
• Prelim Grade + Midterm Grade + Final Grade

• = Average Grade (Course Grade)
• 3
Rules on Attendances
1. An Excuse Letter duly signed by the Dean shall be required from a student who was
absent before he or she is allowed to enter a class.
2. A student who incurs absences of more than twenty (20%) of the prescribed number of
class hours during the school term shall fail and earn no credit for the course.
3. A student who has incurred absences of not more than twenty (20%) of the prescribed
number of class hours shall be given warnings:
For a 3-unit course:

• Absences in three (3) class meetings (4.5 hours) – First Warning – A Letter from the
Dean is given to the student concerned.
• Absences in five (5) class meetings (7.5 hours) - Second Warning – A Letter from the
Dean is sent to the parent/guardian of the student concerned.
• Absences in seven (7) class meetings (10.5 hours) – Last Warning – A Letter from the
Dean is sent to the parent/guardian of the student concerned.
• A student who has incurred absences beyond the last warning shall be deemed
“Failed” in the course.jerryable@23/jul2019
Rule on Tardiness
1. A student who comes to class fifteen

(15) minutes late shall be marked absent,
but will be allowed to stay in the class.
2. A student who is marked absent due
tardiness shall not be given merit in any
activity/quiz given during the class.
Rules on Periodic Examinations
A. Preliminary and Midterm Examinations
1. A student who has not taken either the Preliminary
Examination or the Midterm Examination on the
scheduled date shall be given two weeks after the
regular schedule within which to apply for and take
the Special Examination. He or she shall accomplish a
Special Examination Application Form before taking
the Special Examination. However, if he or she fails to
take the said examination within the prescribed
period of two weeks after the regular schedule, he or
she is given a zero (0) mark which is non-
transmutable.
Rules on Periodic Examinations
B. Final Examination
1. A student who has not taken the Final
Examination on the scheduled date shall be given
a “grace period” of two (2) semesters or one
academic year within which to comply. This rule
does not apply to students in their terminal
curriculum year. If a student had not taken the
Final Examination after the “grace period” of two
semesters or one academic year had lapsed, he
or she will be given a failing mark.
Evaluation
Question 1
Make a your plan of action for your self
that aligns to the MVO of SAC?
Question 2
With the Program outcome of BSN
curriculum create a concept map of what
a Filipino nurse is?
Intended Learning Outcome
• Students integrate relevant concepts

and metaparadigm of theories on
Person, Environment and Nursing in
nursing practice
Theory (Greek word “theoria”)
Layman’s term:
• a mere guess, or is unproved
• Literally means “a vision” or “a
beholding scene”
Scientifically:
A theory implies that something has
been proven and is generally accepted as
being true.
10/11/2019 jerryable@23/jul2019
• An explanation of set of related

observations or events based upon
proven hypotheses and verified
multiple times by detached groups of
researchers
• An attempt to make sense of what we
observe and experience
Scientific Law
• A statement of fact that aims to explain, in
brief and simple terms, an action or set of
actions
• Generally accepted to be true and
universal and can occasionally be
expressed in terms of single mathematical
equation
• Ex. Newton’s Law of motion, the laws of
thermodynamics, Hook’s law of elasticity
Hypothesis
• An educated guess based upon
observation.
• A rational account of a phenomenon
based upon what is observed but which
has not been proved.
• Can be supported or proven by
experimentation or continued
observation
Scientific law vs. Theory
• Theory is more complex and dynamic
• Law governs single action, theory explains
an entire group of related phenomena
• Theory can be changed or improved upon
without changing the overall truth of the
theory as a whole
• Scientific law exist before the start of using
scientific method – foundation of all
sciences including nursing
Theory
Powers and Knapp (1995)
• “a set of statements that tentatively
describe, explain, or predict
relationships among concepts that have
been systematically selected and
organized as an abstract representation
of some phenomena”
Theory
Bodie and Chitty (1993)
• “an internally consistent group of
relational statement (concept,
definitions and proposition) that
present a systematic view about a
phenomenon and which is useful for
description, explanation, prediction and
control”
Theory
Chinn and Kramer (1995)
• “ A creative and rigorous structuring of
ideas that project a tentative, purposeful,
and systematic view of phenomenon”
• Nursing professionals apply theory to

describe, explain, predict, or prescribe
nursing practice.
Theory
Parker (2001)
• “A theory, by traditional definition, is an
organized, coherent set of concepts and
their relationship to each other that
offers descriptions, explanations, and
predictions about a phenomena”
Nursing theory
Potter (2004)
“ A theory is a set of concept, definitions,
relationships and assumptions that
project a systematic view of phenomena”
Theory
Blackwell (2005)
• ‘(It is) a reasoned proposed explanation
of an occurrence, or of something that
will occur or be produced, for which
absolute proof is lacking”
Theory
Delaune and Ladner (2006)

• “A theory is a set concepts and
propositions that provide an early way
to view phenomena”
Theory
Mosby (2006)
• “(It is) an abstract statement
formulated to predict, explain or
describe the relationships among
concepts, constructs, or events. It is
tested by observation and research
using factual data”
Theory
Kozier (2008)
• “A theory is a supposition or system of
ideas that is proposed to explain a given
phenomenon”
Theory – diagram showing relationship of concepts, proposition,
assumption, and definition with theory and phenomena
Concepts
proposition Systemati Theory Phenomena
View
assumption matically
Organized
definition
Theory
Nursing Theory
• A group of interrelated concepts taken

from various of disciplines and related
experiences.
• Aims to view the essence of nursing
care
Nursing Theory
DESCRIBES
EXPLAINS
Theory PREDICTS NURSING CARE
PRESCRIBE
Nursing Theory
Meleis (1991)
• “An articulated and communicated
conceptualization of invented or
discovered reality (central phenomena and
relationships) in or pertaining to nursing
for the purpose of describing, explaining,
predicting , or prescribing nursing care”
- States the importance of expressing nursing
theory in providing direction to nursing care.
Nursing Theory
Barnum (1994)
• Stated that a complete nursing
theory is one that has context,
content and process
Context – resembles environment to
which nursing act takes place
Content – subject of the theory
Process – method by which nurse acts
in using nursing theory
Nursing
ANA – “diagnosing and treatment of

human responses to actual or potential
health problems”
Nursing
• ICN – “autonomous and collaborative care
of individuals of all ages, families, groups,
and communities, sick or well and all
settings.
• Nursing includes the promotion of health,
prevention of illness, and the care of ill,
disabled and dying, people.
• Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment,
research, participation in shaping health
policy and in patient and health system
management, and education are also key
nursing roles”
Nursing
Henderson – “to assist clients in the

performance of activities contributing to
health, its recovery, or peaceful death that
clients will perform unaided, if they had
the necessary will, strength or knowledge”
Nursing
• ADPCN – “a dynamic discipline. It is an art
and a science of caring for individuals,
families, groups, and communities geared
toward promotion and restoration of health,
prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering
and assisting client to face death with
dignity and peace.”
• It is focused on assisting the client as he or
she respond to health-illness situation,
utilizing the nursing process and guided by
ethico-legal moral principles .
Nursing
• Focused in supporting communities,
families, and individuals in maintaining ,
restoring, or achieving, a state of
optimum health and functioning .
• It is both science and an art that is
concerned with the quality of life as
defined by the clients
Nice to know about Nursing ……
• Nurses treat signs and symptoms (human
responses) as manifested by the clients
actual disease
• Nurses deal with clinical manifestation as
physicians treat the disease entity itself
• Ex. MDs treat PTB with meds while nurse
do to manage symptoms (DOB, Coughing)
Nursing Paradigms
• Greek “meta” – with and “parademia” –
pattern
• Patterns or models used to show a
client a clear relationship among the
existing theoretical works in nursing
Nursing
Person Health
Environment
The Metaparadigm of Nursing

Person
• The recipient of nursing care like
individuals, families, and communities
• Example: Nightingale proposed that the

physical, intellectual, and spiritual being of
a person is not capable of manipulating the
environment to promote health. Person as
passive recipient of care
Environment
• The external and internal aspects of life
that influences the person
Example: Physical environment is

emphasized by Nightingale’s theory
focusing on ventilation , warmth, noise,
light, and cleanliness
Health
• The Holistic level of wellness that the
person experiences
• Example: Nursing to Florence Nightingale

“a profession of women (a calling) with the
goal to discover and use the laws of
governing health in the service of
humanity”. Goal of nursing activities
promote client’s health.
Nursing
• The interventions of the nurse
rendering care in support of, or in
cooperation with the client
Example: Nightingale emphasized that a

nurse is responsible in promoting well
being of clients by manipulating the
environment
Classification of Nursing Theories According to function
(Dickoff and James, 1968)
Descriptive To know the properties and

working of discipline
Explanatory To examine how properties
relate and thus affect the
discipline
Predictive To calculate relationships
between properties and how
they occur
Prescriptive To identify under which
conditions relationship occur
Characteristic of Theory
• Can correlate concepts in such a way as
to generate a different way of looking at
a certain fact or phenomenon
• Must be logical in nature
• Should be simple but generally broad in
nature
• Can be the source of hypotheses that
can be tested for it to be elaborated
Characteristic of Theory
• Contribute in enriching the general body of
knowledge through the studies
implemented to validate them
• Can be used by practitioners to direct and
enhance their practice
• Must be consistent with other validated
theories, laws, and principles but leave
open unanswered issues that need to be
tested
Philosophy
The study of the fundamental nature of

knowledge, reality, and existence,
especially when considered as an
academic discipline.
Philosophy in Nursing
• It sets forth the meaning of Phenomena
through analysis, reasoning, and logical
argument.
• Have contributed to the knowledge
development in nursing by forming a
basis for subsequent developments
especially in area of human science.
Concept
• Are words or phrases that are use to
present the phenomenon observed or
experienced
• A mental abstract
• Building blocks of theories
Concept
• Comes from empirical phenomena or
any abstraction of how we perceived an
object that is not physically present or
observed (Charity, caring, patience)
• It enhances one’s capacity to
understand phenomena as it helps
define the meaning of the word
2 Types of Concept
• Abstract – are indirectly observed of
intangible dependent of time and place
Ex. Love, care, freedom
• Concrete – directly observed of tangible

Ex. Nurse, mother, pain
Theoretical Concept
• Concepts are described according to
how these concepts are defined in the
dictionary.
Example: Temperature is the
homoeothermic range of a person’s
internal environment maintained by the
thermoregulatory system of the human
body
Operational Concept
• Defined concepts according to how
these concepts are used or will be used
within the context of the phenomenon
being observed or experience
Example: Temperature is the degree of
temperature measured by oral
thermometer taken for one minute under
the tongue
Theoretical Model/Framework
• Represents an equation that describes

the path or explains the phenomenon
being observed or experienced
• Highly established set of concepts that
are testable.
Theoretical Model/Frame proposed by
Lydia Hall
The Person
Social Sciences
therapeutic use
of self
“The Core”
The Disease
The Body
Pathological and
Natural and Therapeutic
Biological Sciences
Science Seeing the
Intimate Body patient and
family through
Care the medical care
“The Care” “the Cure”
Conceptual Model or Frameworks
• Representations of an idea or body of
knowledge based on the own
understanding or perception of a
person or researcher on a certain topic;
phenomena or theory.
• Represented thru a diagram or in
narrative form which shows
interrelatedness of concepts.
Conceptual Model or Frameworks
Physical Lowered Blood

Person
Fitness Pressure
Conceptual Framework vs. Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Theoretical
It is a structure of concepts or It is a structure of concepts which

theories which are pulled together as exist or tested in the literature, a
a map for the study ready-made map for study
Science
• Latin word “scientia” which mean
“knowledge”
• Refers to any systematic knowledge or
practice in a discipline of study.
• A system of acquiring knowledge based
on the scientific method.
• Organized body of knowledge gained
through research
Scientific Method
Observation Integration of knowledge and/or
phenomenon
Ex. Elmer, a nurse-researcher
observes a certain nursing
phenomena and makes a study
about it
Gathering information/Data Recognition and collecting data for

a particular scientific problem or
inquiry
Ex. His colleagues, Dave helps him
to gather data thru various
methods
Scientific Method
Forming hypothesis An attempt to explain or suggest
a nature of a phenomenon
Ex. They both make hypotheses,
an intelligent guess on the nature
of the phenomenon
Experimental Investigation A set of examinations done to
solve the particular query raised
through the hypothesis process
Ex. They conduct a survey and
interview, and apply statistical
treatment on the data
Scientific Method
Conclusion or Theoretical A statement explaining a set of
Explanation natural phenomena or a
scientific query derived from
experimental investigation
Ex. Based from the result, they
draw a conclusion. As new data
emerges, the study is
reexamined and verified
Knowledge
• Information, skills and expertise
acquired by a person through various
life experiences, or through
formal/informal learning such as formal
education, self-study, vocational
• The abstract or workable understanding
of a subject or idea
Knowledge
• What is known to a particular field of
discipline or study
• Facts and information or awareness or
familiarity gained experience of a fact or
situation
• There is however no single agreed
classification of knowledge
Types of Cognitive Processes
Perception Achieving understanding of sensory
data
Association Combining two or more
concepts/ideas to form a new
concept, or for comparison
Learning Acquiring experiences, skills,
information and values
Reasoning Mental process of seeking
conclusion through reason
Communication Transferring data from sender to
receiver using different mediums or
tools of communication
Sources of Knowledge
• Traditional knowledge – passed down

from generation to generation “it has
been practiced this way” (Ex. nursing
practice such as routine changing of
linens in ICU)
• Authoritative knowledge – an idea by a

person of authority which is perceived
as true because of his or her expertise
(Ex. Nurse supervisor teaching a nurse
beginner on proper FC insertion)
• Scientific knowledge – came from a
scientific method through research (Ex.
SN TSB to fever knows the rationale
which is the heat transfer through
evaporation)
Types of knowledge Advantage Disadvantage
Traditional and Practical to implement • Based on subjective

Authoritative data
• Limit use in a variety
of practice setting
• In nursing practice
scientific knowledge
through evidenced-
based practice and
research serves as the
main focus
Types of knowledge Advantage Disadvantage
Scientific • Systematic and Requires time and

accurate effort to produce
• Theories it credible result
creates are less
subjective than
knowledge
gained by other
methods
Phenomenon
• Sets of empirical data experiences that
can be physically observed or tangible
such as crying , grimace when in pain.
• It is concerned with how the individual
reacts using human senses concerning
the surrounding and assessing the
different behaviors and factors that
affects such behaviors
Phenomenon in Nursing
• Clinical or environmental settings of
nursing – health center
• Disease process – stomach ulcer
• Client’s behavior guarding behavior at the
pin site
• Interventions – care of client in pain
• Practices that are utilize in nursing theories
and metaparadigm (person, nursing,
health, and environment)
• Thank you for Listening

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ST.

ANTHONY’S COLLEGE – NURSING

JERRY VILLESENDA ABLE, RN, MAN, BSN

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Students acquire understanding about the

• Prelim Grade + Midterm Grade + Final Grade

For a 3-unit course:

1. A student who comes to class fifteen

• Students integrate relevant concepts

• An explanation of set of related

• Nursing professionals apply theory to

Delaune and Ladner (2006)

• A group of interrelated concepts taken

ANA – “diagnosing and treatment of

Henderson – “to assist clients in the

The Metaparadigm of Nursing

• Example: Nightingale proposed that the

Example: Physical environment is

• Example: Nursing to Florence Nightingale

Example: Nightingale emphasized that a

Descriptive To know the properties and

The study of the fundamental nature of

• Concrete – directly observed of tangible

• Represents an equation that describes

Physical Lowered Blood

It is a structure of concepts or It is a structure of concepts which

Gathering information/Data Recognition and collecting data for

• Traditional knowledge – passed down

• Authoritative knowledge – an idea by a

Traditional and Practical to implement • Based on subjective

Scientific • Systematic and Requires time and

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