LEAVES

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The primary functions of leaves:

 Photosyntesis
 Transpiration
 Gas Exchange

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Leaf Function:

Leaves are the powerhouse of plants.

In most plants, leaves are the major
site of food production for the plant.
Structures within a leaf convert the
energy in sunlight into chemical
energy that the plant can use as food.
Chlorophyll is the molecule in leaves
that uses the energy in sunlight to turn
water (H2O) and carbon dioxide gas
(CO2) into sugar and oxygen gas (O2).
This process is called
photosynthesis.
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Leaf Structure:
 A leaf is made of many layers
that are sandwiched between
two layers of tough skin cells
(called the epidermis). The
epidermis also secretes a waxy
substance called the cuticle.
These layers protect the leaf
from insects, bacteria, and other
pests. Among the epidermal cells
are pairs of sausage-shaped
guard cells. Each pair of guard
cells forms a pore (called stoma;
the plural is stomata). Gases
enter and exit the leaf through
the stomata.
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 Sebuah daun terbuat dari banyak
lapisan yang terjepit di antara dua
lapisan sel kulit yang kuat (disebut
epidermis). Epidermis juga
mengeluarkan zat lilin yang disebut
kutikula. Lapisan ini melindungi daun
dari serangga, bakteri, dan hama
lainnya. Antara sel-sel epidermis
pasang sosis berbentuk sel penjaga.
Setiap sepasang sel penjaga
membentuk pori-pori (disebut stoma,
jamak adalah stomata). Gas masuk
dan keluar daun melalui stomata.

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Dicotyledonous leaves:

Is composed of two principal parts:

 Blade or lamina
 Petiole or stalk
 Netted venation

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Monocotyledonous leaves:

Is divided into two parts:

 Sheath
 Blade
 Paralled venation

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There are two kind of leaves:

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Types of Leaves

Simple: not divided into leaflets; leaf

composed of one blade

Compound: consists of two or more leaflets

Pinnately Compound: feather-

like; leaflets along each side of
a common axis.

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Bipinnately Compound: primary and
secondary divisions are pinnate.

Palmately Compound: 3 or more leaflets

radiating from a common point.

Trifoliate: three leaflets

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Single Needle

Scale-like

Awl-shaped

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Opposite: leaves are directly
across from each other on the stem.

Alternate: leaves are arranged singly

at different heights and on different
sides of the stem.

Cordate: heart-shaped.

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Elliptic: broadest in the middle and
narrower at each end.

Flabellate: fan-like.

Lanceolate: longer than wide, broadest

below the middle and tapering to the
apex.
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Obovate: inversely ovate, broadest above
the middle

Ovate: egg-shaped, broadest below the

middle

Broad Ovate: wide, egg-shaped

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Leaf Margins:

Leaves come in many sizes

and shapes; they are often
used to help identify plants.
Some leaves are flat and
wide; others are spiky and
thin. Plant spines (like cactus
spines) are actually modified
leaves.

Leaf Margins

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Plant Parts – Leaf
 Arrangement
 Shapes
 Color
 Vein Pattern
 Form – Simple or Compound
 Margin
 Leaf Surface
 Tip of the leaf
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Leaf Arrangement –
Simple

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Leaf Arrangement –
Compound

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Leaf Shape

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Vein Pattern
 Pinnate
 Palmate
 Parallel
 Dichotomous

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Leaf Margin

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Leaf Surface
•There are 8 common leaf surfaces.

 Glabrous  Scabrous
 Pubescent  Glaucous
 Villous  Rugose
 Tomentose  Glandular

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Leaf Surface – Glabrous
 The surface is smooth, not hairy.

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Leaf Surface – Pubescent
 Short, soft hairs cover the surface.

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Leaf Surface – Tomentose
 Covered with wool-like hair.

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Leaf Surface – Scabrous

 Covered with short, prickly hairs.

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Leaf Surface – Glaucous

 Covered with a bluish-white waxy

substance.

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Leaf Surface – Rugose
 Surface is wrinkly.

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 Leaf Surface – Glandular

 Glands filled with oil or resin cover the

surface.

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Tip of the leaf

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Anatomy of the foliage leaf:

In the leaves of most trees, three distinct tissue layers

can be discerned in their leaves. These are:

 1. The epidermis with its cuticle and stomata

 2. The mesophyll where most of the
chloroplasts are found and photosynthesis takes place
3. The leaf veins which transport water and inorganic
compounds into the leaf, and organic compounds
produced by photosynthesis away from the leaf, to
other parts of the plant.

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Dalam daun pohon-pohon besar, tiga lapisan jaringan
yang berbeda dapat dilihat dalam daun mereka. Ini
adalah:

1. Epidermis dengan kutikula dan stomata

2. Mesofil di mana sebagian besar
kloroplas ditemukan dan fotosintesis berlangsung
3. Vena daun yang transportasi air dan anorganik
senyawa dalam daun, dan senyawa organik
dihasilkan oleh fotosintesis jauh dari daun, untuk
bagian lain dari tanaman.

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Cross section of a leaf, showing the anatomical features
important to the study of photosynthesis: stoma, guard

cell, mesophyll cells, and vein

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 Epidermis
 The epidermal tissue functions in prevention of water
loss and acts as a barrier to fungi and other invaders.
Thus, epidermal cells are closely packed, with little
intercellular space. To further cut down on water loss,
many plants have a waxy cuticle layer deposited on top
of the epidermal cells.

 Guard Cells
 To facilitate gas exchange between the inner parts of
leaves, stems, and fruits, plants have a series of
openings known as stomata (singular stoma). They
regulate exchange of water vapor, oxygen and carbon
dioxide through the stoma.

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Epidermis
Fungsi jaringan epidermis dalam pencegahan
kehilangan air dan bertindak sebagai penghalang
untuk jamur dan penjajah lainnya. Dengan demikian,
sel-sel epidermis yang erat dikemas, dengan ruang
antar sedikit. Untuk lebih mengurangi kehilangan air,
tanaman banyak memiliki lapisan kutikula berlilin
disimpan di atas sel epidermis.

Sel penjaga
Untuk memfasilitasi pertukaran gas antara bagian
dalam dari daun, batang, dan buah-buahan, tanaman
memiliki serangkaian bukaan dikenal sebagai stomata
(tunggal stoma). Mereka mengatur pertukaran uap air,
oksigen dan karbon dioksida melalui stoma.
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 Collenchyma cells support the plant. These
cells are charcterized by thickenings of the
wall, they are alive at maturity. They tend to
occur as part of vascular bundles or on the
corners of angular stems.
 Sclerenchyma cells support the plant. They
often occur as bundle cap fibers.
Sclerenchyma cells are characterized by
thickenings in their secondary walls. They are
dead at maturity. A common type of
schlerenchyma cell is the fiber.
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Sel collenchyma dukungan pabrik. Sel-sel ini
charcterized oleh thickenings dinding, mereka masih
hidup pada saat jatuh tempo. Mereka cenderung
terjadi sebagai bagian dari bundel vaskuler atau
pada sudut sudut batang.
Sel sclerenchyma dukungan pabrik. Mereka sering
terjadi bundel serat sebagai topi. Sel sclerenchyma
ditandai dengan thickenings dalam dinding sekunder
mereka. Mereka sudah mati pada saat jatuh tempo.
Jenis umum dari sel schlerenchyma adalah serat.
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 Xylem
 Xylem is a term applied to woody (lignin-
impregnated)walls of certain cells of plants.
Xylem cells tend to conduct water and minerals
from roots to leaves. While parenchyma cells do
occur within what is commonly termed the
"xylem" the more identifiable cells, tracheids and
vessel elements, tend to stain red with Safranin-
O. Tracheids are the more primitive of the two cell
types, occurring in the earliest vascular plants.
Tracheids are long and tapered, with angled end-
plates that connect cell to cell. Vessel elements
are shorter, much wider, and lack end plates.
They occur only in angiosperms, the most
recently evolved large group of plants
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xilem
Xilem adalah istilah yang diterapkan untuk kayu
(lignin-diresapi) dinding sel tertentu dari tanaman. Sel
xilem cenderung melakukan air dan mineral dari akar
ke daun. Sementara sel-sel parenkim memang terjadi
dalam apa yang sering disebut "xilem" sel lebih
diidentifikasi, tracheids dan elemen kapal, cenderung
berwarna merah dengan safranin-O. Tracheids
adalah lebih primitif dari dua jenis sel, terjadi pada
tanaman vaskular awal. Tracheids panjang dan
runcing, dengan siku akhir piring yang
menghubungkan sel ke sel. Kapal elemen lebih
pendek, lebih luas, dan kurangnya akhir piring.
Mereka hanya terjadi pada angiosperma, kelompok
besar yang paling baru berevolusi
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Phloem cells conduct food from
leaves to rest of the plant. They
are alive at maturity and tend to
stain green (with the stain fast
green). Phloem cells are usually
located outside the xylem. The
two most common cells in the
phloem are the companion cells
and sieve cells. Companion cells
retain their nucleus and control
the adjacent sieve cells.
Dissolved food, as sucrose,
flows through the sieve cells.

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Sel floem melakukan makanan dari daun ke
seluruh tanaman. Mereka hidup pada saat jatuh
tempo dan cenderung untuk noda hijau (hijau
dengan noda cepat). Sel floem biasanya terletak
di luar xilem tersebut. Dua sel yang paling umum
di floem adalah sel pendamping dan sel saringan.
Companion mempertahankan inti sel dan kontrol
sel saringan yang berdekatan. Terlarut makanan,
seperti sukrosa, mengalir melalui sel saringan.

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A Part of The Leaf

1. Plastids: A green leaf is green because of the

presence of a group of pigments known as
chlorophylls. Minute structures called plastids
contain the chlorophyll within the leaf.
2. Carotenoid pigments (yellow and orange)
are also found in plastids. The carotenoids
occure, along with the chlorophyll pigments,
in tiny structures - called plastids - within the
cells of leaves. Sometimes they are in such
abundance iin the leaf that they give a plant a
yellow-green color, Carotenoids are in many
living things, giving
3. Anthocyanin pigments (reds and purples)
occur in the sap of cells. The anthocyanins
temporarily color the edges of some of the
very young leaves as they unfold from the
buds in early spring. They also give the
familiar color to such common fruits as
cranberries, red apples, blueberries, cherries,
strawberries, and plums.
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1. Plastida: Sebuah daun hijau adalah hijau karena
adanya sekelompok pigmen yang dikenal sebagai
klorofil. Struktur Menit disebut plastida mengandung
klorofil dalam daun.
2. Pigmen karotenoid (kuning dan oranye) juga
ditemukan di plastida. Para occure karotenoid, bersama
dengan pigmen klorofil, dalam struktur kecil - yang
disebut plastida - dalam sel-sel daun. Kadang-kadang
mereka berada dalam kelimpahan seperti iin daun yang
mereka berikan tanaman warna kuning-hijau, Karotenoid
dalam banyak mahluk hidup, memberikan
3. Pigmen antosianin (merah dan ungu) terjadi pada sel-
sel getah. Anthocyanin sementara warna tepi daun
beberapa sangat muda saat mereka terungkap dari tunas
pada awal musim semi. Mereka juga memberikan warna
yang akrab dengan buah-buahanKRT-2010 yang umum seperti 45
cranberry, apel merah, blueberry, ceri, stroberi, dan plum.
Basic leaf types
•Ferns have fronds.
•Conifer leaves are typically
needle-, awl-, or scale-shaped
•Angiosperm (flowering plant)
leaves: the standard form includes
needle-shaped stipules, a petiole, and a lamina.
•Lycophytes have microphyll leaves.
•Sheath leaves (type found in most
grasses).
•Other specialized leaves (such as
those of Nepenthes)

Scale-shaped leaves KRT-2010 46

 stellate trichomes

trichomes on the lower surface of a Coleus

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•Opening and closing of the stomata by
the paired guard cells controls the gas
exchange rate. In some cases, the
guard cells are supported by the
subsidiary cells.
•Guard cells act as ports between the
environment and the interior of the leaf.
When the guard cells accumulate
water they become turgescent and
open. Opening and closing in turn is
controlled by light conditions, air
humidity, temperature and the CO2
concentration.
•Guard cells, in contrast to other
epidermis cells, do possess
chloroplasts.

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Pembukaan dan penutupan stomata oleh sel
penjaga dipasangkan mengontrol laju pertukaran
gas. Dalam beberapa kasus, sel penjaga yang
didukung oleh sel-sel anak.
Sel penjaga bertindak sebagai port antara
lingkungan dan interior daun. Ketika sel penjaga
menumpuk air mereka menjadi turgescent dan
terbuka. Membuka dan menutup pada gilirannya
dikendalikan oleh kondisi cahaya, kelembaban
udara, suhu dan konsentrasi CO2.
Sel penjaga, berbeda dengan sel-sel epidermis
lain, jangan memiliki kloroplas.
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Stomata
Stomata open when the
internal pressure of the
guard cells rises as a
result of water
absorption. The pressure
increases from 1.5 to 3.0
mega Pascal.
Since the walls of the guard
cells are relatively
flexible at the side of the
stoma, the guard cells
expand vertically and the
stoma subsequentely
opens.

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Structure of a chloroplast

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Pea Leaf Stoma, Vicea sp.

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 Epidermal cells, including guard cells, of
Equisetum (horsetail or scouring rush) & corn

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Leaf Abscission
 The formation of a definite abscission zone
across a petiole or fruit stem is responsible for
leaf fall or fruit drop
 The function of the abcission zone :
- to bring about the fall of the leaf or other plant
part
- to protect the region of the stem from which
the leaf has fallen against insect damage or
rot caused by bacteria or fungi
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Pembentukan zona amputasi yang pasti di batang
tangkai daun atau buah yang bertanggung jawab
untuk musim gugur daun atau menjatuhkan buah
Fungsi dari zona abcission:
- Untuk membawa tentang jatuhnya daun atau
tanaman lain
bagian
- Untuk melindungi wilayah batang dari mana
daun telah jatuh terhadap kerusakan serangga
atau
busuk disebabkan oleh bakteri atau jamur

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Photosynthetically Active Radiation, PAR

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Light reactions

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Dark reactions
carboxylation

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Photosynthesis
involves gas
exchange

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CAM photosynthesis
separates cycles
diurnally

Example: 
Sedum 
obtusatum

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Phenotypic plasticity

 Sun and shade leaves can exist within the

same tree

More deeply lobed

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loss
Sun leaf
• thicker
• more cell
layers
• more
chloroplasts

Shade leaf
• flat
• thin
• larger
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/ unit weight
 Sun leaves Shade leaves

•Leaves at many angles •Horizontal leaves, single layer

•High saturation point •Low saturation point
•High compensation point •Low compensation point
•Produce more RUBISCO •Produce less RUBISCO

•High respiration •Low respiration

•Less chlorophyll •More chlorophyll
•RUBISCO availability limits •Light availability limits
photosynthesis rate photosynthesis rate

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2. Water

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Transpiration
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C4 Photosynthesis
•In a C3 plant, mesophyll cells contain well‑formed chloroplasts,
arranged in parallel layers.
•In C4 plants, bundle sheath cells as well as the mesophyll cells
contain chloroplasts.
•In C4 leaf, mesophyll cells are arranged concentrically around the
bundle sheath cells.

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 Overview of photosynthesis and
respiration
SUN

RADIANT
ENERGY

PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION CELL

ACTIVITIES

GLUCOSE ATP(ENERGY)
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EQUATION FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

WATER OXYGEN
6CO2 + 6H2O +ENERGY C6H12O6 + 6O2
CARBON GLUCOSE
DIOXIDE

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 EQUATION FOR RESPIRATION

CARBON
GLUCOSE DIOXIDE ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 6H2O + ENERGY
OXYGEN + WATER

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