Hardware and Software

• Hardware:
– Computer components
 Computer History
• 1944 : Harvard University and IBM (International
Business Machine) created the first actual
computer called “Mark1” . It used IBM Punch Card
• 1945: John Von Neumann, made an electronic
digital computer to store programs. 1971: Intel’s
engineers designed the 4004 chip. It had a 2300
transistor
 (continued)
• In 1975 the word “Micro-soft” is first mentioned in
a letter from Bill Gate to Paul Allen.
• 1982 : MS- DOS: Microsoft Disk
Operating System was Introduced

• 1976: Stephen Jobs showed the first APPLE

computer at Home Brew Computer Club ( known
today as Silicon Valley
 Computer Components

1981: IBM introduced the Intel’s 8086

processor with a 16 bit instruction
1982 : Compaq made the first clone computer,
as apposed to IBM’s PC.
1984: Apple made the first Macintosh computer
with the mouse
1986: Microsoft goes public for $61 million
 Internal Computer hardware components
• BIOS ( Basic Input/output System)
• Circuit board, motherboard
• Clock, clock battery
• CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor )
• CPU (Central Processing Unit), heat sink, CPU fan
• Expansion slots
• Jumper, capacitors,
• Power supply
• Parallel, serial, USB ports
 Internal component
• Temporary and permanent storage
– ROM chip (Read Only Memory)
– RAM (Random Access Memory)
– Hard Drives , CD ROM (optical drive), Flash drive, SSD
 External computer components
• Keyboards
• Monitors
• Speakers
• Mice
• Camera
• Microphone
 (Motherboard componets)
Circuit Board:
A green board with embedded copper lines for the parts to
communicate with each other.
Mother Board components Main Board
• BIOS/CMOS chip, Battery slot
• JUMPERS (Switches)
• RAM slots (Banks)
• Transistors/Capacitors
• Expansion slots
• AGP (Accelerate Graphics Port)
• CPU, Fan, Socket, Heat sink
• CONTROLLER Chips (North, south)
• IDE and SATA hard drive controller
• Power supply connector (P9)
• Mouse (DB9, serial connection, PS/2, USB) connector
• Keyboard DIN (Deutsches Institute fur Normung 5 & 6) connector
• Printer Connection (DB 25, Parallel connection)
Motherboard components
Motherboard and Form Factor (AT to ATX
 Basic Input/output System BIOS (firmware)
• It is a ROM (read-only
memory) chip that checks
the hardware and
software of the PC on
Start up.
Basic Input/output System (BIOS)

BIOS brands and access keys

Award F2
AMIBIOS F2
Phoenix F10
 BIOS access key, you do it
• Dell= Lenovo=
• Asus= Apple=
• HP= Acer=
• Toshiba= Sony=
• MSI= LG=
• Panasonic= Samsung=
 BIOS Setup Program
• The BIOS program can be password protected
– Forces the user to enter a password before the
setup program can be accessed
– Used widely in schools to prevent students from
changing settings
• Passwords can also be used to prevent
unauthorized users from booting the computer
• BIOS Battery:
– Lithium coin cells
 Post (Power On Self Test) and BIOS
Power-On Self-Test (POST):
refers to routines run immediately after power
is applied, by nearly all electronic devices.
• When turned on, your computer knows how to
boot because instructions for booting are built into
one of its chips, the BIOS ( Basic Input/output
System) which communicates with the CPU to run
some instruction lines (programs). Then the BIOS
begins to run POST to boot up and check up all
components. It is a diagnostic program (to check
hardware and software initial settings)
• BIOS loads all instructions into RAM
 Inside of BIOS
Post Process Inside of BIOS
 Disk boot process
• When POST finishes, Operating System takes over
• OS looks for the boot sector in the hard drive
usually in C:\, floppy or CD ROM which is called
NTLDR (NT LoaDeR)This tells CPU to execute more
codes Sector

• What is a Sector? Tracks

The smallest unit where data

can be written on a disk drive.
Size 512 bytes
Cluster
 post

Question: Why computers do not run from OS directly

• Answer: Cost
• it is cheaper to update an OS on a CD or online rather
than making a chip to have OS in it.
• Also allows the users to change their OS to something
better.
 POST (continue)
Cold boot:

When a user shuts down a computer

completely (power button)

Warm boot:
When a user reboot a computer in (Ctrl + Alt+ Del)
without shutting down the computer. In the warm
boot process the computer bypass POST by
checking a code value 0000:0472.
 POST Errors
• Beep codes
– Different BIOS manufacturers use different codes to indicate
different errors
– Refer to the motherboard booklet to determine what each
different beep code means
– Specific to Award BIOS
Beeps Error
1 long, 2 short Video adapter error
1 long Repeating (endless loop) Memory
1long, 3short No video card or bad video
Repeating High/Low CPU error
 PC Raiser cards

NIC Video
Modem

Cards sitting on the expansion slots

Sound
 Laptop card type
• PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association
• Type 1: 3.3 mm (modem)

• Type 2 : 5 mm (network card)

• Type 3: 10 mm (hard drive)

 Network Interface card (NIC)
Ethernet standard (specifications)
• Coaxial ( 10 Base 2 and 5) • RJ45 (10 Base T)
• 10 Mbps (Mega bit Per Second) • 10 Mbps Twisted pair cable
• Distance:200 and 500 meter • Distance : 100 meter
• T connector • Category 5
• BNC
BNC T connector
BNC

BNC NIC

BNC- coaxial RJ45

Combo NIC

RJ45 AUI
BNC
RJ45- Registered Jack
BNC= British Naval Connector
AUI= Attachment Unit Interface
 connection ports
DIX= Digital Equipment Cooperation, Intel, xerox
 Modem
• Modulation and Demodulation
• Speed: 28, 33, 56 kbps
• 1024 bit = 1 kilobit RJ11
• Used RJ11 connector (telephone cable)
• Used for communication between computers
• Internal Modem is a serial port Internal modem
Serial port
Serial port:
Send or receive one Bit at
the time

External Modem
Serial port
 Digital and Analog signals (Modem)
• Computers have a chip one cycle

called Analog to Digital

Converter (ADC). As the
name suggests, it converts
Analog signal (Wave signal)
Analog
to a Digital signal. Another
chip called Digital to Analog
(DAC) reveres the signal to
Analog.

Digital
 Jumper or Switches
Jumpers on Hard drive Jumpers on the motherboard
 How an OS controls hardware?
• OS usually cooperates with other components
especially with BIOS and Device drivers.
• In the early of computing the number of devices
were limited, to help the BIOS to handle the
devices easily. As the technology improved, the
number of devices increased too and that
caused problems. BIOS could not deal with all
sort of devices  this forced companies to
develop Device DRIVERS
 How hardware tells the CPU what to do?
• IRQ: each device has a number assigned called
Interrupt ReQuest, for example: floppy 6, mouse 3
or 4, printer 7, keyboard 1, hard drive 14 or 15, real
time clock 8, Floating point unit 13.
• IRQ in old computers began from 0 to 7 (8 IRQ).
Later on they add more numbers from 9 to 15 (16
together)
• Anytime CPU is interrupted by a device, it leaves its
task and pays attention to the device, meanwhile
the other instruction are piling (Staking) in the
memory waiting to be processed. When that
happens you might get an error message “Memory
stack overflow”
IRQ (Windows 7)
msinfo32.exe
IRQ (Windows XP)
 Registry
• The Registry is a database file for the
computer. It holds information about
hardware and software. Registry is a
dynamic file, which means anytime you
boot up your PC, the registry goes and
collects the data about the hardware and
software.
• Command to Registry: Regedit
Registry
 Registry 5 keys and access command
Go to Run and type: regedit
• Hkey _Classes –Root(HKCR): It contains files
name and files name extension
• Hkey_Current- User (HKCU): It contains logged
in users information
• Hkey_Local_Machine (HKLM): It contains data
about hardware and software setting
• Hkey_Users (HKU): it contains desktop setting
for all users profiles
• Hkey_current-config (HKCC): It contains
information about the hardware configuration.
 Memory (Random Access Memory)
Memory speed measures in Nanosecond
1 billionth of second (50, 60, 70, 80)
• Dynamic memory also known as DRAM: updates
the data constantly and needs to be refreshed
(used in physical RAM). It is like a small bucket of
water with some holes in it.
Speed: 50, 60, 70, 80 Nanosecond

• Static memory: Known as SRAM. Data does not

need to be refreshed (used in cash level 1 and 2
memory) .
Speed : 25, 35 Nanosecond
 Memory shape
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVad0c2cljo
 Memory shapes
Simm: Single Inline Memory Module 30 pins

Simm: Single Inline Memory Module 72 pins

Dimm: Dual Inline Memory Module 168 pins

DDR: Double Data Rate (184 pins)

 Memory (continued)
Dimm-DDR2 – 184 pin

Dimm-DDR3 -240 pin

Laptop memory
So-Dimm
Physical memory on motherboard

Memory
banks
 Dynamic, static memory location
• Cache memory
 Microprocessor
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Can perform millions of mathematical operations
per second
• Responsible for most of the data processing
performed by the computer
• Often referred to as the brains of the computer
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• There two types of CPU:
• Intel

• AMD
 Intel Central Processing Unit
486
Intel

Intel chip set family:

Chip Bus
• 8088 16 bit
• 8086 16 bit
• 80286 16 bit
• 80386 32 bit
• 80486 32 bit
• 80484 DX2 32 bit
• Pentium 32
• Pentium MMX 32
• Pentium Core 2, 4, 5, 7
 CPU internal parts
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
It deals with calculations
(addition, subtraction, etc)
• Control Unit:
It controls data flow into the
CPU, communicates with
memory and decodes data.
• Store or register:
It works like a cache register. It
holds the result of
mathematical calculations.
 Microprocessor
• Clock speed:
– The clock speed or clock rate is the speed at which the
microprocessor executes instructions
– It is the maximum speed, not the speed at which it
always runs
– This internal clock is used to regulate the rate at which
instructions are executed and to synchronize all the
various computer components
– The CPU requires a fixed number of clock cycles to
execute each instruction
– Every instruction requires at least two clock cycles
 CPU (continued)
• Clock speed is measured in Hertz and shows how fast CPU
can execute the instructions.
CPU speed measure in Gigahertz. Hertz unit of frequency
one cycle per second.
1 kHZ= 1000 cycle per second
1 MHz= One million cycles per second
 CPU (continued)
• Floating Point Math Unit (Math co-processor)
80386 DX CPU added a second CPU chip called
Floating Point Math Unit. That chip was carrying
more math instructions, therefore, the main CPU
could do other tasks .
In 80486 this FPMU imbedded into the main CPU
(sold more expensive).
Symmetric CPU: share the task
together.
Asymmetric CPU: each CPU does
a specific task.
 CPU cache level 1
80486 CPU began to add Cache memory. It was
called Cache Level 1. ( size 4,8, 16, 32 KB). CPU
would look for data in the Cache L1 first, if it could
not find the data in the cache L1 , then it looks for
the Cache level 2 on the motherboard and then the
physical memory.

On motherboard
Physical RAM
 Cache level 2
• Cache level 2 (L2) was on the motherboard
• Up to 1 MB of storage
• Originally ran slower than L1 cache
• Acts as secondary buffer between system memory and
CPU
 Cache Memory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi0FhRqDJfo
• Level 3 (L3) Cache (shared memory)
– Resides on the CPU
• Older AMD/Intel CPU’s have L3 cache residing on the
motherboard
– Size of the Cache on Processors range from 512 KB to
8 MB
CPU Cores i3, i5, i7 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrT9Bl0MCXQ

What is a core processor: (physical)

It is a physical processing unit that runs
independently from each other within a CPU. With a
dual core processor you can run two applications the
same time. A single threaded application can only
use one core, therefore other cores stay idle.
What is a Hyper Threading: (logical)
it is a logical cores within a
physical core processor. Logical
core appears to the os as double
core
 I3, I5, i7 cores
coresI3= 2 cores 4 logical
I5= 4 cores 8 logical
I7= 4 cores 8 logical
I7 extreme= 6 or 8 cores
CPU cores
 Permanent Data Storage
• HARD DRIVES
• FLOPPY DRIVES
• CD-ROM- Optical Drive
• TAPE DRIVES
• Flash drives, 2.0 and 3.0
• Solid state Drive (SSD)
Inside a Hard Drive
 Motors
 Stepper motor (Obsolete)
The first technology that moved the
actuator arm in fixed increments
Positioning of the arm became
less precise over time
Hard drives needed to be parked
when moved
 (continued)
Hard Drive magnetic storage devices Interfaces:
• IDE ( Integrated Device Electronic) has 40 pins
• IDE floppy drive, has 34 pins (Old technology)
• SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
SATA 7 pins
FD 34 pins HD 40 pins

Optical storage devices

• IDE CD ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
• IDE DVD ROM (Disk Video Drive Read Only Memory)
• CD ROM capacity: 750 MB
• DVD-RW Capacity: Pioneer 4.7 GB 9 (write many times)
• DVD+RW: DVD Alliance 4.7 GB (write faster)
IDE and SATA interface with 40 and 7 pins
connector
IDE 40 pins

SATA 7 pins

40 pins

Parallel AT Attachment
SATA 7 pins
 IDE and SATA hard drive cable

FD: IDE, 34 pins

HD: IDE, 40 pins

HD: SATA, 7 pins

 IDE Floppy cable, drive
Floppy

34 pins
Floppy drives
5:1/2 and 3:5 inch floppy disk
 Hard drive Definitions
• ACCESSTIME Seek Time
It is the time that head locates the data.
• TRANSFER RATE SPEED: It is the time that data found and transferred
to the memory.
• HEAD CRASH: When Head touches the platter.
• FILE ALLOCATION TABLE (FAT): 16 bit table to locate a file on the hard
drive.
• TRACKS, HEADS, CYLINDERS, , SECTOR,CLUSTERS
– Tracks: concentric circles on the track
– Head: Magnetic head that read and writes data from the
platter .
– Cylinders: Vertical platters from the side view.
– Sector: smallest unit that data can be written on the track ,
– Clusters: more than one sector is called Cluster
Sectors, Tracks, Cylinders, Clusters
 File system
A way storing, accessing and organizing files or
directories on a hard drive.
Example:
DOS: FAT 16
Windows FAT, FAT32, NTFS (support 11 TB)
Linux: ext2, ext3, ext4 (support 16 TB)
 Terminology (continued)
• Format: creating magnetic field on the platters.
Low level formatting: very slow process of making
sectors on the hard drives, done by manufactures
High level formatting: erasing the fat table, done
by users
• Fragmentation when the files are scattered over the
platters as opposed to defragmentation
.
 File Compression and Defragment
It resize the file by looking at the repeated letters or
patterns in document. It uses a program called LZ .
• Defragment: is a way to organize the scattered files
on the platter for faster reading.
 Hard Drive Organization
 Cluster
 A cluster is a number of sectors ranging from
2 to 64 depending on how the drive is
formatted
 A cluster is the smallest amount of space
that can be used for any read/write
operation
 Full Speed Ahead
 Early hard disks rotated at 3,600 rpm
 This is ten times faster than a floppy diskette
 Most hard drives today spin at a rate of
either 5,400 rpm or 7,200 rpm
 Some high performance drives spin at a
rate of 10,000 rpm
 Very high performance drives spin at rates
up to 15,000 rpm
 Solid State Drives
A solid state drive is a component that looks
and acts like a traditional hard drive, but is
much faster.
 Adding a solid state drive to a computer
can dramatically improve performance.
 Instead of storing data on magnetic media,
data is stored in NAND flash memory.
 NAND flash memory: is a none volatile storage
device that does not need power to keep the
data.
Magnetic and ssd
 NAND flash memory
• It has two gates: Control gate and Floating
gate.
 Advantages to SolidState Drives
 Much better performance
 potentially 5 to 10 times faster data transfer
compared to traditional mechanical hard drives
 Reliability of no moving parts
 No motors or bearings to fail
 No heads to crash
 Produce very little heat (usually cool to the
touch)and don’t vibrate
 Use regular SATA data and power connectors
 Very light and uses much less power –
excellent for portable computers
 Disadvantages of SSDs
 Cost
 Cost per GB of storage on SSD compared to
traditional hard drive is over 10 times more
expensive at the retail level
 Finite lifetime
 NAND cells have a limited number of times
that their contents can be changed before
they’re incapable of further changes
 Garbage collection
 The way SSDs delete data and reuse that
space is more difficult to manage than with
traditional hard drives
 Types of NAND
 SLC (Single-Level Cell) 1

 NAND flash memory technology that allows

a cell to store a single bit, storing a one or
a zero
01
 MLC (Multi-Level Cell)
 NAND flash memory technology that can
store multiple bits. Though it can be
slower and wears much faster than SLC, it
allows for much higher data density and is
used on almost all consumer level SSDs.
Slc, mlc
 Pages and Blocks
 SSDs write data in pages.
Pages are the like sectors on a traditional
hard drive – they are the smallest portion
of the SSD that can be addressed.
 SSDs delete data in blocks. Blocks are
made up of multiple (usually hundreds) of
pages.
While it would be much more efficient
to be able to delete individual pages, it
isn’t possible because the voltage required
to do so would corrupt data in other
nearby pages.
 HD or SSD
HD SSD
• Slow • Fast
• Magnetic • Nand
• Heavy • Light
• Mechanical • Memory type
• Not reliable • Reliable
• Lots of noise • Quite
• Uses sector and cluster • Uses page and blocks
• Cheap • Expensive
• Needs format • No need format
CD ROM (Optical storage)
 CD ROM and Hard drive
CD ROM Hard drive
 Parallel and Serial ports
Parallel
• It sends 8 bits at a time as
• Printer ( 25 DB connector) Serial
• It sends 1 bit at a time
• Mouse (DB 9 connector)
• Modem
Example of Laptop parts
 How to buy a laptop?
Display size :
LCD or LED
10”, 12”, 14”, 15”, 17”, 20’
touch screen?
1920 x 1080, also known as full HD or 1080p
Weight:
4 pounds or less
Storage:
SSD, Hybrid SSD/HDD, USB 3.0
Operating System:
Windows , MAC
Security:
fingerprint reader
 How to buy a computer

CPU:
Core i5 or i7 Intel, AMD
Ability to switch between Tablet to laptop
Battery: 3 hours
Blue ray
More technical support
Keyboard: more Space between the keys, water proof
Laptop