Thermodynamics-II

(ME-221)
Lecture 3 & 4
Prepared by
Muhammad Jamshaid
Email: muhammad.jamshaid@bzu.edu.pk
Contact no: 03216350069
Lecturer
Mechanical Engineering Department
UCE&T, BZU Multan.
 Sequence
• Volumetric Analysis of a gas mixture
• The molar mass and specific gas constant
 Volumetric Analysis of a gas
mixture.
 Consider a volume V of a gaseous mixture at a temperature
T, Consisting of three constituents A, B and C as shown in
Fig. 6.2 (a).
 Let each of the constituent be compressed to a pressure p
equal to the total pressure of mixture, and let the
temperature remain constant. The partial volumes then
occupied by the constituents will be VA , VB and VC .

Fig. 6.2 Illustration of Partial Volumes

 Volumetric Analysis of gas
mixture.
 From Eq. 2.6 pV=mRT
 Therefore, referring to Fig.6.2(a)

 And referring to Fig. 6.2(b)

 Equating the two values for mA , we have

 Volumetric Analysis of gas
mixture.
 In general therefore
Eq.6.8

Eq.6.9

 Therefore the volume of mixture of gases is equal to the

sum of the volumes of individual constituents when each
exist a alone at the pressure and temperature of mixture .
 This is the statement of another empirical law, the law of
partial volumes.
 Volumetric Analysis of gas
mixture.
 By Avagadro’s law, “the amount of substance of any gas is
proportional to the volume of gas at a given temperature and
pressure”.
 Referring to Fig. 6.2(a), the volume V contains an amount
of substance n of the mixture at p and T.
 In Fig. 6.2(b), the gas A occupies a volume VA at p and T,and
this volume contains an amount of substance nA.
 Similarly there are amounts of substance nB of gas B in
volume VB , and nC of gas C in volume VC .
 Volumetric Analysis of gas
mixture.
 Now from Eq. 6.9

 Therefore the total amount of substance in the vessel must

equal the sum of the amounts of the substance of the
individual constituents.
Eq.6.10
 Volumetric Analysis of gas
mixture.
 Problem:The gravimetric analysis of air is 23.14% oxygen,
75.53% nitrogen, 1.28% argon and 0.05% cabondioxide.
Calculate the analysis by volume and the partial pressure of
each constituent when the total pressure is 1 bar.
 The molar mass and specific
gas constant.
 For any gas in a gas mixture occupying a total volume of V
at a temperature T.
 From Eq. 2.8 pV=nR̃T and the definition of partial pressure
, we have
Eq.6.11

 Therefore,

 i.e.
 From Eq. 6.4 p=∑pi , hence
 The molar mass and specific
gas constant …Contd.
 Also from Eq. 6.10 n=∑ni , therefore

 The mixture therefore acts as a perfect gas and this is the

characteristic equation for the mixture.
 The molar mass and specific
gas constant …Contd.
 To find the specific gas constant for the mixture in terms of
specific gas constants of the constituents.
 Consider Eq.2.6 both for the mixture and for a constituent

 Then
 Therefore,
 Now from Eq. 6.4, p=∑pi , therefore

 Hence, Eq.6.12
 The molar mass and specific
gas constant …Contd.
 Problem:The gravimetric analysis of air is 23.14% oxygen,
75.53% nitrogen, 1.28% argon and 0.05% cabondioxide.
Calculate the specific gas constant for air and the molar
mass.
The End