REPORT IN PPD

BRAVO 3A

CRUZ JR, FRNANDO TAGUMPAY H.

The Two Stroke Crosshead Engine
Bedplate
THE BEDPLATE
The Bedplate is the foundation on which the 2 stroke engine is built. It
must be rigid enough to support the weight of the rest of the engine, and
maintain the crankshaft, which sits in the bearing housings in the
transverse girders, in alignment. At the same time it must be flexible
enough to hog and sag with the foundation plate to which it is attached
and which forms part of the ships structure.
The Two Stroke Crosshead Engine
The A Frames
The A Frames
The Frames are otherwise known as the A Frames. These carry the
crosshead guides and support the engine entablature (the cylinder
block). On older engines, the A frames were individually erected on the
bedplate directly above the transverse girders. When boxed in with
plating they formed the crankcase. The trend nowadays is to build the
frame box as a separate fabricated construction and then, after stress
relieving and machining the mating surfaces, to mount it on the
bedplate. This has the advantage of saving weight.
The Two Stroke Crosshead Engine
The Entablature
The Entablature
The entablature is the name given to the cylinder block which
incorporates the scavenge air space and the cooling water spaces. It
forms the housing to take the cylinder liner and is made of cast iron.
The Two Stroke Crosshead Engine
The Cylinder Liner
 The Cylinder
The cylinder liner forms the cylindrical space in which the piston reciprocates. The reasons for
manufacturing the liner separately from the cylinder block (jacket) in which it is located are as follows;

•The liner can be manufactured using a superior material to the cylinder block. While the cylinder
block is made from a grey cast iron, the liner is manufactured from a cast iron alloyed with chromium,
vanadium and molybdenum. (cast iron contains graphite, a lubricant. The alloying elements help resist
corrosion and improve the wear resistance at high temperatures.)
•The cylinder liner will wear with use, and therefore may have to be replaced. The cylinder jacket lasts
the life of the engine.
•At working temperature, the liner is a lot hotter than the jacket. The liner will expand more and is free
to expand diametrically and lengthwise. If they were cast as one piece, then unacceptable thermal
stresses would be set up, causing fracture of the material.
•Less risk of defects. The more complex the casting, the more difficult to produce a homogenous
casting with low residual stresses.
The Medium Speed 4 Stroke Trunk Piston Engine
The Cylinder Head
The Cylinder Head
Cylinder heads for 4 stroke engines are of a complex design. They have
to house the inlet and exhaust valves, the fuel injector, the air start
valve, relief valve and indicator cock. The passages for the inlet air and
exhaust gas are incorporated, as are the cooling water passages and
spaces.
Diaphragm Spring Type Single
Plate Clutch
diaphragm spring type clutch
A diaphragm spring type clutch is shown in fig. where shows the clutch in the
engaged position and in the disengaged position. It is seen from the above
figures that the diaphragm spring is supported on a fulcrum retaining ring so
that any section through the spring can be regarded as a simple lever. The
pressure plate E is movable axially, but it is fixed radically with respect to the
cover. This is done by providing a series of equally spaced lugs cast upon the
back surface of the pressure plate. The drive from the engine flywheel is
transmitted through the cover, pressure plate and the friction plate to the gear
box input shaft. The clutch is disengaged by pressing the clutch pedal which
actuates the release fingers by means of a release ring. This pivots the spring
about its fulcrum, relieving the spring load on the outside diameter, thereby
disconnecting the drive.
Turbocharger
Turbocharger
A turbocharger, or turbo, is a gas compressor. It is used to force air into
an internal combustion engine. A turbocharger is a form of forced
induction. It increases the amount of air entering the engine to create
more power. A turbocharger has the compressor powered by a turbine.
The turbine is driven by the exhaust gas from the engine. It does not use a
direct mechanical drive. This helps to improve the performance of the
turbocharger.
Scavenge Fires
 Scavenge Fires
For a scavenge fire to begin there must be present a combustible material, oxygen or
air to support combustion, and a source of heat at a temperature high enough to
start combustion. In the case of scavenge fires the combustible material is oil. The oil
can be cylinder oil which has drained down from the cylinder spaces, or crankcase oil
carried upwards on the piston rod because of a faulty stuffing box. In some cases the
cylinder oil residues may also contain fuel oil. The fuel may come from defective
injectors, injectors with incorrect pressure setting, fuel particles striking the cylinders
and other similar causes. The oxygen necessary for combustion comes from the
scavenge air which is in plentiful supply for the operation of the engines. The source
of heat for ignition comes from piston blowby, slow ignition and afterburning, or
excessive exhaust back pressure, which causes a blowback through the scavenge
ports.
Charge air cooler
Charge air cooler
The charge air coolers fitted to reduce the temperature of air after the
turbo-charger and before entry to the diesel engine cylinder, are provided
with fins on the heat transfer surfaces to compensate for the relatively
poor heat transfer properties of air. Solid drawn tubes with a semi-
flattened cross section, have been favoured (Figure 1). These are threaded
through the thin copper fin plates and bonded to them with solder for
maximum heat transfer.
Main Bearing
Main Bearing
Bearings, which directly supports and are in contact with the
crankshaft of the engine are known as main bearings.

The main bearing of a marine engine supports the long running

crankshaft throughout the engine length. This makes it imperative to
check the condition of the bearing at regular interval of time.
A semi built CRANKSHAFT in the lathe. The man gives an idea of the size!

The Two Stroke Crosshead Engine

The Crankshaft
 CRANKSHAFT
The crankshafts on the large modern 2 stroke crosshead engines can weigh over 300 tonnes.
They are too big to make as a single unit and so are constructed by joining together individual
forgings. On older engines the so called fully built method was used. This consisted of forging
separate webs, crankpins and main journals. The crankpins and journals were machined and
matching holes bored in the webs, which were slightly smaller in diameter. The webs were
heated up and the crankpins and journals fitted into the holes (which due to the heat had
expanded in size). As the webs cooled down, so the diameter of the bored holes would try and
shrink back to their original size. In doing so, the crankpins and journals would be gripped tightly
enough to stop them being able to slip when the engine was being operated normally. This
method of construction had its origins in the days of early reciprocating steam engine crankshaft
manufacture, when as well as shrink fitting, dowel pins were used (mainly because the tightness
of the shrink fit could not be guaranteed). THIS FITTING OF DOWEL PINS IS NEVER USED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF DIESEL ENGINE CRANKSHAFTS. It would act as a stress raising point from
which a crack could start.
The Two Stroke Crosshead Engine
The Connecting Rod
Connecting Rod
The Connecting Rod is fitted between the crosshead and the crankshaft. It
transmits the firing force, and together with the crankshaft converts the
reciprocating motion to a rotary motion. Made from drop forged steel, on
the older engines the bottom of the con rod terminates in a flange known
as a Marine Palm which is bolted to the split bottom end (Crankpin)
bearing, whilst at the top another flange is formed on which is bolted the
two crosshead bearings.
Crosshead
Crosshead
The crosshead is a vital part for the power end of mud pump in petroleum
drilling. It acts as a pump component for connecting a piston with the
extension rod. This mud pump part plays a guiding role. Its size precision
decides the stability of operation of the whole mud pump.
The Piston
The Piston
The Piston comprises of two pieces; the crown and the skirt. The crown is
subject to the high temperatures in the combustion space and the surface
is liable to be eroded/burnt away. For this reason the material from which
the crown is made must be able to maintain its strength and resist
corrosion at high temperatures. Steel, alloyed with chromium and
molybdenum is used, and some pistons have a special alloy welded onto
the hottest part of the crown to try and reduce the erosion caused by the
burning fuel. The crown also carries the 4 or 5 piston ring grooves which
may be chrome plated.
CRANK PIN BEARING
CRANK PIN BEARING

The crank pin bearings are attached at the bottom end part of the
connecting rod on the crankshaft crank. It helps the connecting rod to
transfer the reciprocating motion to rotary motion in a smooth manner.
Oil to lubricate the crankpin bearing is supplied through a hole drilled in
the conrod from the crosshead.
PISTON PINS BEARING
PISTON PINS BEARING

The bearings used in connection with most piston pins are of the sleeve
bearing or bushing type. These bearings may be further identified
according to location—the piston boss piston pin bearings and the
connecting rod piston bearings.
CAMSHAFT
CAMSHAFT
The camshaft is a mechanical component of an internal
combustion engine. It opens and closes the inlet and exhaust valves of
the engine at the right time, with the exact stroke and in a precisely
defined sequence. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft by way of
gearwheels, a toothed belt or a timing chain. With a transmission ratio of
2:1, the rate of rotation of the camshaft is half that of the crankshaft.
Pushrods
Pushrods
a metal rod transmitting the reciprocating motion that operates the valves of
an internal-combustion engine having the camshaft in the crankcase
ROCKER ARM
ROCKER ARM

a rocking lever in an engine, especially one in an internal combustion engine

which serves to work a valve and is operated by a pushrod from the camshaft.
EXHAUST VALVE
EXHAUST VALVE
An exhaust valve is a physical component located in a cylinder head. Its
purpose is to open and close which will allow exhaust gas, or the results of
a burned combustion, to escape the combustion chamber so that fresh air
can be brought in to repeat the combustion cycle. The opening and closing
of the exhaust valve is controlled by the camshaft.
INLET PORT
INLET PORT
Inlet ports are the final part of an engine’s air induction system.
They connect the intake manifold with the combustion chamber and
are opened and closed with the intake valves.
Chain drive
Chain drive
The chain drive in combustion engines must transmit the rotation of the
crankshaft to the camshafts, thus ensuring that the valves open and close
reliably and at exactly the right time.
NEXT MEETING NALANG IBA SIR !