August 1, 2019

By: Garnette Mae V. Balacy

1. Apply principles of sampling technique
2. Construct, analyze and interpret probability
distributions
3. Conceptualize, design and implement research
studies, investigation and experiments in
agricultural engineering, collect, analyze data and
interpret results
4. Apply the concepts, theories and principles of
regression and correlation analysis; describe and
apply the methods of testing of significance and
analysis of variance
BASIC STATISTICS
PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH DESIGNS
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS –
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
population • Set of all entities under study

• A part/ subset of the population or universe

sample taken to represent the whole

• Attributes/characteristics of interest,
variables measureable from each individual in the
universe
Quantitative discrete as in number of leaves, fruit
count…..
Quantitative continuous as in height and weight

Qualitative categorical as in student type, religious

affiliation, network used

Qualitative nominal as in Identification numbers

Variance and standard deviation

It is a dimensionless number that can be used to

compare the amount of variance between
populations with different means

 (x x) 2 n
i
 (x  x)i
2

s 
2 i 1
s i 1
n 1 n 1
Measures of Dispersion – Coefficient of
Variation
Coefficient of variation (CV) measures the spread of a set
of data as a proportion of its mean.
It is the ratio of the sample standard deviation to the
sample mean
s
CV   100%
x
It is sometimes expressed as a percentage
There is an equivalent definition for the coefficient of
variation of a population
Frequency & Distribution

Frequencies can be absolute (when the frequency

provided is the actual count of the occurrences) or
relative (when they are normalized by dividing the
absolute frequency by the total number of observations
[0, 1])
Relative frequencies are particularly useful if you want to
compare distributions drawn from two different sources
(i.e. while the numbers of observations of each source
may be different)
Construct a grouped frequency table
Select an appropriate number of classes

Class Frequency Percentage

4.00 - 4.99 120
5.00 - 5.99 807
6.00 - 6.99 1411
7.00 - 7.99 407
8.00 - 8.99 87
9.00 - 9.99 33
10.00 - 10.99 17
11.00 - 11.99 22
12.00 - 12.99 43
13.00 - 13.99 19
Frequency & Distribution

A histogram is one way to depict a frequency

distribution
Frequency is the number of times a variable takes on a
particular value
Note that any variable has a frequency distribution
e.g. roll a pair of dice several times and record the
resulting values (constrained to being between and 2
and 12), counting the number of times any given value
occurs (the frequency of that value occurring), and take
these all together to form a frequency distribution
Histograms

We may summarize our data by constructing

histograms, which are vertical bar graphs
A histogram is used to graphically summarize the
distribution of a data set
A histogram divides the range of values in a data set
into intervals
Over each interval is placed a bar whose height
represents the frequency of data values in the interval.
Building a Histogram – Example

Plot the frequencies of each class

All that remains is to create the bar graph

Pond Branch TMI Histogram

48
Percent of cells in catchment

44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16 A proxy for
12
8 Soil Moisture
4
0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Topographic Moisture Index