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Nyquist Limit-
spatial period
2x the cone spacing
Visual Acuity
Snellen Chart
block letters 5 times stroke size.
normal defined at 20 ft, 6 m.
20/20 = 5 arcmin letter = 1 arcmin stroke
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In MAR units 20/20 =1, 20/40 = 2
Other notations:
1/MAR, LogMAR, Log(1/MAR)
Visual Acuity
Optics of the Eye - far from perfect, spreads the retinal image,
a point becomes a Gausian, called point spread function
Optics of the Eye - far from perfect, sinewave gratings lose contrast,
depending on SF, called modulation transfer function
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Larger pupils
allow more diffraction &
decreases depth of focus
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*1D of uncorrected
myopia ~ 20/60
What Limits Visual Acuity?
fovea
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periphery
What Limits Visual Acuity?
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What Limits Visual Acuity?
Eccentricity and Cortical Magnification Factor - Many visual
Functions decline approx. linearly with eccentricity
(E2 = eccentricity at which foveal value has doubled). Peripheral vision is
also limited by the CMF, which reflects retinal anatomy, but is
further enhanced in cortex.
*radial
worst
What Limits Visual Acuity?
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What Limits Visual Acuity?
foveal peripheral
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What Limits Visual Acuity?
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Vision at Low Contrast
How can we characterize our sensitivity to larger objects,
that may not have high contrast?
Sensitivity =
Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF)
1/threshold
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*
neural factors optical factors
= resolution limit at 100% contrast
Vision at Low Contrast
The CSF can be measured under different conditions, and
changes shape. This reflects changes in neural substrates.
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probability summation
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fovea
7.5 deg
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30 deg
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Clinical Tests of Visual Acuity
Modern Principles:
Same number of elements on each line
Constant ration from one size to the next
Proportional spacing between letters and lines
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Nearly equal legibility of optotypes
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