PROCESSES OF PURE

SUBSTANCE
 A. CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS:
(Isobaric)
• An isobaric process is an internally reversible process of a pure
substance during which the pressure remains constant.
1) The process on the P-v and T-s planes
2) The Work, W
• If the process is nonflow and reversible,
Wn = ∫pdv = p ΔV= P(v2-v1)

is the area on the P-v plane under the constant pressure process.
• For an internally reversible process, p = c,
Q = ∫CpdT = Δhp= (h2-h1)
• For steady flow process, the work, Ws is
Ws = -∫vdp =0; ΔP = 0; ΔK = 0; dP = 0
• If the system is open, steady-flow, control volume, since dQ = dh
Wsf = (-ΔK + ΔP), since ΔP = 0; ΔK = 0
Then,
Wsf = 0
3) Transferred Heat, Q
• From the simple energy equation
Q = u2 – u1 + Wn
• For Steady flow and Nonflow Process
Q = u2 – u1 + Wn
• But Wn = ∫pdv = p ΔV= p(v2-v1)
Q = u2 – u1 + p(v2-v1)
Q = u2 – u1 + p2v2 – p1v1
• But h = u + pv
Q = (u2 + p2v2) – (u1 + p1v1)
Q = h2 – h1 where: h1 = hf1 + x hfg1
• If the change in internal energy is desired
u2 – u1 = (h2 –p2v2) – ( h1 – p1v1)
Example:

A piston-cylinder containing steam at 800 kPa and 300oC undergoes a

constant pressure process until the quality is 75%. Determine per kg (a) the
work done, (b) the heat transferred, (c) the change in internal energy, and (d)
the change in enthalpy.
B. CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS; V=C (Isometric, isochoric)

1) The process on the P-v and T-s planes

2) Work of a non-flow process,
Wn = ∫pdv, since v=c, v2 = v1
Wn = 0
3) Transferred heat, Q
Q = U2 – U1 + Wn
Q = U2 – U1 and U2 = Uf2 + x2 Ufg2
also h = u + Pv;
u = h - Pv
Q = U2 – U1 = (h2 –p2v2) – (h1 – p1v1)
Example:

A 1-kg steam-water mixture at 1.5 MPa is contained in an inflexible tank.

Heat is added until the pressure rises to 4.0 Mpa and the temperature is 400oC.
Determine the heat transferred.
C. CONSTANT TEMPERATURE (ISOTHERMAL) PROCESS

1) The process on the P-v and T-s planes

• Reversible isothermal process :
(a) Several constant temperature lines, isotherms, a, b, c are drawn. As the
temperature rises above the critical temperature, the curve approaches the
typical curve of isotherm for a perfect gas.
(b) The area bounded by m-n-1-2, ∫Tds and T∫ds, represents heat

Q = ∫Tds = T∫ds = T(s2 - s1),

Where s2 – s1, in this case is negative.
(c) Work of a non flow process, Wn
From the simple energy equation
Wn = ΔU – Q or Q = ΔU + Wn
(d) For Steady flow work

Ws = Q – Δh - ΔK since ΔK = 0 then
Ws = Q – Δh
Example:

Three kilograms of steam initially at 3.0 MPa and a temperature of

370oC have 2500 kJ of heat removed at constant temperature until the quality
is 90%. Determine (a) the pressure when dry saturated steam exists and (b) the
work.
D. ADIABATIC PROCESSES, PURE SUBSTANCE
• Recall that adiabatic processes is classified as
a) Throttling processes which are irreversible with no energy leaving the
system as work.
b) Isentropic processes which are defined as reversible adiabatics, no heat
transferred ( Q = 0) and the change in entropy of the substance is also zero ( S
= 0)
c) Irreversible adiabatics which differ from throttling processes in that some
energy leaves (or enters) the system as work or some is converted into kinetic
energy.
1) The reversible adiabatic process on the P-v and T-s diagram
a) For a nonflow process; from the simple energy equation
Q = Δu + Wn = 0 unit mass
Then,
Wn = - Δu = - (u2 – u1) = u1 – u2

b) For a steady flow

P1 + K1 +h1 + Q = P2 + K2 + h2 + Ws
with ΔP = 0, ΔK = 0, Q = 0
Ws = h1 – h2
2) The irreversible adiabatic process on the P-v and T-s diagram

• Process 1 -2 is the corresponding reversible adiabatic or the isentropic

process (ideal process)
• Process 1-2’ is the irreversible adiabatic process (actual process)
a) For a nonflow process with no heat transfer
Q = Δu’ + Wn = 0 unit mass
Then,
Wn = - Δu’ = - (u2’ – u1’) = u1’ – u2’
b) For a steady flow
P1 + K1 +h1 + Q = P2 + K2 + h2 + Ws
with ΔP = 0, ΔK = 0, Q = 0
Ws = h1’ – h2’
Efficiency of the Process, n
• The efficiency of the process is the ratio of actual work and ideal work
(expansion) or vice versa, ideal work to actual work (compression)
a) Expansion on h-s diagram (Mollier chart)
b) Compression on h-s plane
Example:

Three kg of steam has an initial enthalpy of 2693.54 kJ at 0.150

MPa. Isentopic compression gives a final pressure of 0.30 MPa. Find (a)
the initial and final temperatures and (b) the work of a steady and
nonflow processes.
E. POLYTROPIC PROCESS
Internally reversible polytropic process is defined by the equation
pvn = c.
a) The Process on the pv Plane
Example:

Determine the heat and the work of the polytropic expansion of steam
from 2.8 MPa at 340oC to 0.76 Mpa at 200oC.