CHAPTER III

Managing and
Caring for the Self

Group v.
Metacognition – It is commonly defined as
“thinking about thinking” (Livingston 1997;
Papaleontiou-loca 2003).

• Meichenbaum 1985 in American Institutes

for Research 2010
• American Institutes for Research
2010
•It is not limited to the thinking process
of the individual. (Papaleontiou-loca
2003)

Metacognition’s Meaning
Metacognition basically has two aspects. (Paris and Winnograd 1990
in Papalentiou-Louca 2003)

•Self - appraisal – Personal reflection on your knowledge and

capabilities.
•Self – Management – Mental process you employ using what you have
in planning and adapting to successfully learn or accomplish a certain
task.
•Metacognitive knowledge – what you know about how you think.
• Metacognition regulation – it is how you adjust your thinking process
to help you learn better.
Metacognition aspects
 Metacognitive Knowledge
There are several variables that affect how you know
or assess yourself as a thinker.
1. Personal Variable – Your evaluation of your strengths and
weaknesses
2. Task Variable – What you know or what you think about the
nature of the task, as well as what the strategies to be use in
accomplishing the task
3. Strategy Variable – Strategies or skills you already have in
dealing with certain task.
Skills that can help you in exercising metacognition
1. Knowing your limits – One cannot really make any significance advancement using in using
metacognitive skills without having an honest and accurate evaluation of what you know and what you
don’t know.
2. Modifying your approach – It begins with the recognition that your strategy is not appropriate with
the task and/or that you do not comprehend the learning experience successfully.
3. Skimming – This is basically browsing over a material and keeping an eye on keywords, phrases, or
sentences, it is also about knowing where to search for such key terms.
4. Rehearsing – This is not just about repeatedly talking, writing and/or doing what you have learned,
but also trying to make a personal interpretation or summary of the learning experience.
5. Self-Test – This is trying to test your comprehension of your learning experience or the skills you have
acquired during learning.

•Other strategies that you need to develop include asking questions about your
methods, self-reflection, finding a metor or support group if necessary, thinking
out loud, and welcoming errors as learning experiences.
Four Types of Learners
• “Tacit” Learners
• “Aware” Learners
• “Strategic” Learners
• “Reflective Learners

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 Tips that you can use in studying
• Make an outline if the things you want to learn, the
things you are reading or doing, and/or the things you
remember
• Break down the task in smaller and more manageable
details
• Integrate variation in your schedule and learning
experience
•Try to incubate your ideas
• Revise, summarize, and take down notes, then reread
them to help you minimize cramming in the last minute
• Engage what you have learned
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