Seminar on

Image Processing Techniques On

MRI Scanning
Coordinators : Mr. Sudheer.V.R & Mrs. Seena. R

Guide : Anu S Nair Presented by:

Sreelekshmi .S
Dept. of Electronics and
communication
Roll No: 28
College of Engg. Perumon
 INTRODUCTION
• Invented in early 90’s MRIs have been constantly innovated
ever since. Every year there are thousands of researches.
• clinical studies and development in hope to expand the scope
of MRI to diagnose more diseases more comfortable than
ever before.
• Early MRI machines took B&W like images that showed high
resolution images.
• Just like any common signal transmission problem, MRI results
also showcased noise interference.
• This seminar brings out a brief idea about the concepts in MRI
and the various techniques in image processing, noise
interference and further noise reduction.
 OBJECTIVES

To study about the novel approaches used in the digital image

processing in an MRI scanning machine. Also emphasizes the
key processing methods that is used presently.
 What is MRI?

• MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

• Developed by Raymond Vahan Damadian.
• MRI was first performed in 1997.
• It is a radiology technique.
• Uses radio waves, magnetism and a computer component.
• MRI is based on the principle of NMR( Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance).
 MRI makes use of
• Magnetic Properties of certain atomic nuclei.

• Magnetic Field

• Magnetic Field Gradients

• Radio Waves
 MRI Process
• Certain atomic nuclei absorb and emit radio frequency when
exposed to magnetic field.
• Clinical MRI’s uses hydrogen atoms to generate a detectable
radio frequency.

• RF signal is received by antennas close to the anatomy.

• They mostly map water and fat content.

• RF waves excites nuclear spin energy transition

• Magnetic field gradients localize the signal in space.

 Nuclear Magnetism
• Nucleons (protons, neutrons) have a quantum property known
as spin.

• In the absence of a magnetic field, nuclear spin is not an

observable.

• In the presence of a homogeneous magnetic field, the energy

of the nucleus depends on the relative orientation of the
magnetic field and the nuclear spin vector.
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance:
Properties in Matter
• Relaxation
– After we have delivered energy to the nuclei in our sample,
there are two possible ways for the sample to lose this energy (back
to lowest energy state):
i) spontaneous emission
ii) induced emission

• Spontaneous emission:
– negligible effect at RF frequencies (dominant at visible frequencies)
• Induced emission:
– Energy emission requires interaction of the nucleus with its
external environment The nature of energy emission depends
strongly on the environment of the excited nucleus (Relaxation).
• Spontaneous emission:

– negligible effect at RF frequencies (dominant at visible frequencies)

• Induced emission

– Energy emission requires interaction of the nucleus with its external

environment The nature of energy emission depends strongly on the
environment of the excited nucleus (Relaxation)
 Image Reduction Methods

• X-Ray Machine and Digital Radiography

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• Ultrasonic Imaging Systems

• X-Ray Computed Tomography

 WHY MRI??

 CT and X-ray can only measure tissue opacity.

 MR can image a variety of tissue properties.

 Problems in MRI
• MR requires substantial cleverness in image
formation
– Unique among image modalities
– Under-appreciated part of what Radiologists do
• Huge field involving software, algorithms and
hardware.
• The imaging process is slow.
• Few body parts can hold still for very long.
• MR images are vulnerable to motion artifacts.
 k-space representation

Average
intensity
 What is k-space?

• A mathematical concept.

• Not a real “space” in the patient nor in the MR scanner.

• key to understanding spatial encoding of MR images.

• k-space is an array of numbers representing spatial frequencies in

the MR image.
 k-space and the MR Image
• Each individual point in the MR image is reconstructed from every
point in the k-space representation of the image.

• All points of k-space must be collected for a faithful reconstruction of

the Image.

• If the image is a 256 x 256 matrix size, then k-space is also 256 x 256
points.

• The individual points in k-space represent spatial frequencies in the

image.

• Image contrast is represented by low spatial frequencies; detail is

represented by high spatial frequencies.
 Spatial Frequencies

low spatial high spatial all

frequencies frequencies frequencies

• low frequency = contrast

• high frequency = detail

• The most abrupt change occurs at an edge. Images of edges

contain the highest spatial frequencies.
 Properties of k-space
• k-space is symmetrical.

• All of the points in k-space must be known to reconstruct the signal

faithfully.

• Truncation of k-space results in loss of detail, particularly at edges.

• most important information centered around the middle of k space.

• k-space is the Fourier representation of the waveform.

 limitations
• Some parts of the body like bone cannot be
examined clearly.
• Movement during may cause blurry images.
• Any errors while calculating k-space results
in loss of detail, particularly at edges.
 Conclusion
RF signal

FT
A/D
conversion

image space k-space

• Though MRI is the most useful technology in
medical field it has some drawbacks such as
excess noise content and errors in edge
detection.
• By making use of the modified algorithms of
anisotropic diffusion such errors can be
rectified to a greater extent.
• Reference:

> https://www.medicinenet.com/mri_scan/article.html

>https://www.stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-tests/m/mri/risk- factors.html

>https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8353419
THANK YOU