Newton’s Law of Motion

and Forces
PHY01: General Physics 1
Senior High School Department
Force

• Force, in common usage, is a push or a pull.

• Vector quantity
• SI Unit: Newton (N)

Types of Forces:
Contact Forces: forces that arise from the physical contact between two
objects.
Noncontact Forces: forces that are exerted even without physical contact.
Newton’s Laws of Motion

• Developed by Isaac Newton in 17th

century
• Provides the basis for
understanding the effect of forces
on an object.

Isaac Newton by Godfrey

Kneller (1689)
Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s First Law of Motion: Law of Inertia
• An object continues in a state of rest or in a state of motion at a
constant velocity (constant speed in a constant direction), unless
compelled to change that state by a net force.
• Net Force: vector Sum of all forces
• Inertia: he natural tendency of an object to remain at rest or in
motion at a constant velocity. The mass of an object is a
quantitative measure of inertia.
• SI Unit: kilogram (kg)
• Inertial Reference Frame: reference frame that is not accelerating;
reference frame is one in which Newton's law of inertia is valid.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration
• When a net external force, σ 𝐹, Ԧ acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration,
𝑎,
Ԧ that results is directly proportional to the net force and has a magnitude
that is inversely proportional to the mass. The direction of the acceleration is
the same as the direction of the net force.
σ 𝐹Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ = σ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ
𝑚
• SI Unit of Force: 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚Τ𝑠2 = 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑁
• External Forces: Forces that the environment exerts on the object of interest
• Internal forces: forces that one part of the object exerts on another part of the object.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Free-Body Diagram
• A free-body diagram is a diagram that represents the object and the forces that act on it.
• Only the forces that act on the object appear in a free-body diagram.
• Forces that the object exerts on its environment are not included.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Example:
• Two people are pushing a stalled car, as in the figure. The mass of the car is
1850 kg. One person applies a force of 275 N to the car, while the other
applies a force of 395 N. Both forces act in the same direction. A third force of
560 N also acts on the car, but in a direction opposite to that in which the
people are pushing. This force arises because of friction and the extent to
which the pavement opposes the motion of the tires. Find the acceleration of
the car.

𝑎 = 0.059 𝑚ൗ 2
𝑠
Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Example:
• A man is stranded on a raft (mass of man
and raft = 1300 kg). By paddling, he causes
an average force 𝑃 of 17 N to be applied to
the raft in a direction due east
(the +x direction). The wind also exerts a
force 𝐴Ԧ on the raft. This force has a
magnitude of 15 N and points 67° north of
east. Ignoring any resistance from the
water, find the x and y components of the
raft's acceleration.
𝑎𝑥 = 0.018 𝑚ൗ 2
𝑠
𝑎𝑦 = 0.011 𝑚ൗ 2
𝑠
Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Law of Action-Reaction
• Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object
exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on the first object.
Types of Forces
Contact Forces: forces that arise from the physical contact between
two objects.
• Normal Force
• Frictional Forces
• Tension Force
Noncontact Forces: forces that are exerted even without physical
contact.
• Gravitaional Force
• Electric Force
• Magnetic Force
Gravitational Force
• Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: Every particle in the universe
exerts an attractive force on every other particle. A particle is a piece
of matter, small enough in size to be regarded as a mathematical
point.
• Weight: is the gravitational force that the earth exerts on the object.
The weight always acts downward, toward the center of the earth. On
or above another astronomical body, the weight is the gravitational
force exerted on the object by that body.
• SI Unit: Newton (N)
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
Normal Force
• one component of the force that a surface exerts on an object with
which it is in contact—namely, the component that is perpendicular
to the surface.
Normal Force
Normal Force
• Example:
• In a circus balancing act, a woman performs a headstand
on top of a standing performer's head, as the figure
illustrates. The woman weighs 490 N, and the standing
performer's head and neck weigh 50 N. It is primarily the
seventh cervical vertebra in the spine that supports all
the weight above the shoulders. What is the normal force
that this vertebra exerts on the neck and head of the
standing performer (a) before the act and (b) during the
act?

𝐹Ԧ𝑁 = 50 𝑁 𝐹Ԧ𝑁 = 540 𝑁

Frictional Force
• Frictional force, or simply friction, component of force that the
surface exerts on the object when the object is moving or attempting
to move.
• It is a force that is parallel to the surface.
• One possible cause is the microscopic
roughness of the two materials in contact
• Types of friction
• Static friction
• Kinetic friction
Frictional Force
Static Friction (𝑓𝑠 )
• The magnitude fs of the static frictional force can have any value from
zero up to a maximum value of 𝑓𝑠𝑀𝐴𝑋 , depending on the applied
force. In other words, 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑠𝑀𝐴𝑋 , where the symbol ≤ is read as “less
than or equal to.” The equality holds only when fs attains its
maximum value, which is

𝑓𝑠𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁
where 𝜇𝑠 is the coefficient of static friction and 𝐹𝑁 is the magnitude
of normal force.
Frictional Force
Static Friction (𝑓𝑠 )
• Example
• A skier is standing motionless on a horizontal patch of snow. She is holding onto
a horizontal tow rope, which is about to pull her. The skier's mass is 59 kg, and
the coefficient of static friction between the skis and snow is 0.14. What is the
magnitude of the maximum force that the tow rope can apply to the skier
without causing her to move?

𝐹Ԧ = 81 𝑁
Frictional Force
Kinetic Friction
• Friction experienced by a moving object
• Usually less than the maximum static friction

𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁
where 𝜇𝑘 is the coefficient of kinetic friction and 𝐹𝑁 is the normal force
Frictional Force
Kinetic Friction
• Example:
• A sled and its rider are moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s along a horizontal stretch
of snow. The snow exerts a kinetic frictional force on the runners of the sled,
so the sled slows down and eventually comes to a stop. The coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0.050. What is the displacement x of the sled?

𝑥 = 16 𝑚
Tension
• Pulling force that are often applied by rope, cable, etc.
Equilibrium Applications
Equilibrium: An object which has zero acceleration.
• Example
• An automobile engine has a
weight 𝑊, whose magnitude is W =
3150 N. This engine is being
positioned above an engine
compartment. To position the
engine, a worker is using a rope.
Find the tension 𝑇1 in the
supporting cable and the
tension 𝑇2 in the positioning rope.
T1 = 3300N
T2 = 582N
Equilibrium Applications
• Example
• A jet plane is flying with a constant
speed along a straight line, at an angle
of 30.0° above the horizontal. The plane
has a weight 𝑊 whose magnitude is W =
86 500 N, and its engines provide a
forward thrust 𝑇 of magnitude T = 103
000 N. In addition, the lift
force 𝐿 (directed perpendicular to the
wings) and the force 𝑅 of air resistance
(directed opposite to the motion) act on
𝑅 = 59800 𝑁
the plane. Find 𝐿 and 𝑅 .
𝐿 = 74900 𝑁
Non-Equilibrium Applications
• Example
• A supertanker of mass m = 1.50 × 108 kg is being
towed by two tugboats. The tensions in the
towing cables apply the forces 𝑇1 and 𝑇1 at equal
angles of 30.0° with respect to the tanker's axis.
In addition, the tanker's engines produce a
forward drive force 𝐷, whose magnitude is D =
75.0 × 103 N. Moreover, the water applies an
opposing force 𝑅, whose magnitude is R = 40.0 ×
103 N. The tanker moves forward with an
acceleration that points along the tanker's axis 𝑇1 = 153000 N
and has a magnitude of 2.00 × 10−3 m/s2. Find the 𝑇2 = 153000 𝑁
magnitudes of the tensions 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 .
Non-Equilibrium Applications
• Example
• A truck is hauling a trailer along a level road. The mass of the truck is m1 =
8500 kg and that of the trailer is m2 = 27 000 kg. The two move along
the x axis with an acceleration of ax = 0.78 m/s2. Ignoring the retarding forces
of friction and air resistance, determine (a) the tension 𝑇 in the horizontal
drawbar between the trailer and the truck and (b) the force 𝐷 that propels
the truck forward.

𝑇 = 21 𝑘𝑁
𝐷 = 28𝑘𝑁
Non-Equilibrium Applications
• Example
• Block 1 (mass m1 = 8.00 kg) is moving on a
frictionless 30.0° incline. This block is
connected to block 2 (mass m2 = 22.0 kg) by
a massless cord that passes over a massless
and frictionless pulley. Find the
acceleration of each block and the tension
in the cord.

𝑇 = 86.3 𝑁
𝑎 = 5.89 𝑚ൗ 2
𝑠
References
• Young, D. P., Stadler, S., Cutnell, J. D., & Johnson, K. W. (2018). Cutnell
& Johnson Physics. John Wiley & Sons.
• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/GodfreyKnel
ler-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg Retrived: June 7, 2019