1.1 Transmission Media

TRANSMISSION MEDIA &
ANTENNA SYSTEMS
ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
COURSE OBJECTIVE
At the end of the semester, the student should be able to
conceptualize, analyze, and design transmission line and antenna
systems.
1. Describe the types of transmission lines and calculate the line
constants.
2. Differentiate the types of radio wave propagation and be familiar
with their applications.
3. Understand the principle and characteristics of antennas, the
different types as well as the methodology in the design of each,
4. Be able to design and construct a wideband antenna.
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Transmission Lines Circuits, losses and parameters
2. Matching Transmission Lines
3. Smith Chart
4. Radio Wave Propagation
5. Power Density and Field Strenth Calculations
6. Antenna Systems
7. Waveguides
8. Fiber Optics
TRANSMISSION MEDIA or
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSMISSION MEDIA or TRANSMISSION LINE
pathway that carries an information
from transmitter to antenna or
antenna to receiver
short cables
connecting
equipment
copper traces in a
printed circuit board
TRANSMISSION MEDIA or TRANSMISSION LINE
In the context of Communications, a pair of wire

can only be considered a transmission line if. . .
______________________________________
TWO-PORT NETWORK EQUIVALENT
PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS:
1. must introduce minimal attenuation to the signal

2. must not radiate any of the signal
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA Unguided Guided
Unguided or Wireless
wireless systems
no tangible physical existence of
a medium
signals are radiated through
space in a form of wave or rays
direction of propagation depends
on the direction the signal is
emitted
ostacles may be encountered
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA Unguided Guided
Guided or Bounded
there is a viewable physical

existence of a medium
signals are guided along a
physical conduit or conductor
Balanced or Differential Balanced or
Unbalanced
Transmission Line (Parallel-wire) Differential
AMPLIFIER 1 AMPLIFIER 2
Neither wire is connected to the ground.
Unbalanced
iA
AMPLIFIER 1 Metallic Circuit Currents AMPLIFIER 2
iB
Unbalanced
iA
AMPLIFIER 1 Longitudinal Currents AMPLIFIER 2
iB
Unbalanced
Advantage
common-mode rejection
immunity to noises
Unbalanced or Single-ended
Balanced or
Transmission Line (Coaxial) Differential
Unbalanced
Signal Wire
AMPLIFIER 1 AMPLIFIER 2
Ground Wire
Unbalanced or Single-ended
Balanced or
Transmission Line (Coaxial) Differential
Unbalanced
Advantage
there is only one wire for each signal

there is only one ground no matter how many
signals are there
Disadvantage
less immunity to noises
TYPES OF GUIDED
TRANSMISSION LINE (Metallic)
parallel-wire
coaxial cable
PARALLEL WIRE
Parallel-wire
consists of two or more metallic conductors

conductors are separated by insulators (air,
teflon, or other dielectrics)
Most common:
Open-wire
Twin lead
Twisted pair (UTP, STP)
Open-wire Twin lead Twisted Pair
Parallel-wire Coaxial
2-wire parallel conductors

separated by air
non-conductive spacers placed at periodic intervals
support
keeping the separation constant
Distance between wires is between 2 and 6 inches
Pros: simple in construction
Cons: no shiedling, high radiation losses, susceptible to crosstalk
Application: standard voice-grade telephone
same with open-wire except that the spacers between conductors

are replaced with a continuous solid dielectric
ensure uniform spacing along the entire cable
flat, brown cable used to connect television to rooftop antennas
dielectric used are Teflon and polyehtylene
formed by twisting two insulated conductors around each other

twisting reduces effect of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
radio frequency interference (RFI)
reduces crosstalk
mostly used in digital communications
Application: telephone networks and building cabling systems
Local Area Network (LAN)
simple to install (can be installed in bulk or narrow spaces)
inexpensive compared to coaxial and fiber optic
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Parallel-wire Coaxial
two copper wire encapsulated in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) insulator

twisting significantly improves the bandwidth (bit rate) of the cable
minimum of two twists per foot
cancellation of interference relies only on twisting
Characteristic Impedance: 100Ω
UTP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial
Level 1 (Category 1)
ordinary thin-copper, voice grade telephone wire
voice-grade telephone signals
not adequate for data applications
used for very-low speed only up to 1 Mbps
Level 2 (Category 2)
better than Category 2
old, left-over voice-grade telephone wires prior to 568 standard
developed for IEEE 802.5 Token Ring LAN at 4 Mbps
Category 3 (CAT-3)
has more stringent requirements than Level 1 and Level 2
more immunity to crosstalk
designed to accomodate the following
Token Ring (16 Mbps)
10BASE-T Ethernet (10 Mbps)
100BaseVG Ethernet (100 Mbps, 4-wire)
100BASE-T4 Ethernet (100 Mbps, 4-wire)
any voice or data transmission rate up to 16 Mbps
Category 4 (CAT-4)
upgraded version of CAT-3
designed to meet tighter constraints for attenuatio and crosstalk
up to 20 Mbps
100 Mbps (4-wire)
Category 5 (CAT-5)
more stringent specs than CAT-3 or CAT-4
12 twists per inch
better attenuation and crosstalk immunity
choice for most modern-day LAN's
100 Mbpbs - 500 Mbps
4-pair
Pair 2-3 for connectivity
Pair 1-4 reserved as spares
Category 5 (CAT-5)
Standard Color Code for CAT-5 Cable as specified by EIA CAT-5 solid
Pair 1 blue/white stripe and blue backbones,
Pair 2 orange/white stripe and orange walls, ceilings
Pair 3 green/white stripe and green CAT-5 flex
Pair 4 brown/white stripe and brown
patch cables
between hubs
and patch panels
Enhanced Category 5 (CAT-5E)

transmission rates up to 240 Mbps or up to 350 Mbps and higher
Category 6 (CAT-6)
4-pair
data rates up to 550 Mbps
uses more advanced connectors
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Parallel-wire Coaxial
wire and dielectric are enclosed in a sleeve

metal sleeve called foil or mesh called braid connected to the ground
shields from electromagnetic noise and interference
thicker and less flexible than UTP
Pros: greater immunity to interference
Cons: difficult and expensive to install
Characteristic Impedance: 150 Ω
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Parallel-wire Coaxial
wire and dielectric are enclosed in a sleeve

metal sleeve called foil or mesh called braid connected to the ground
shields from electromagnetic noise and interference
thicker and less flexible than UTP
Pros: greater immunity to interference
Cons: difficult and expensive to install
Characteristic Impedance: 150 Ω
STP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial
Same with CAT-3, CAT-4, CAT-5, CAT-5E with the addition of. .
.
Category 7 (Shielded-screen twisted-pair or SSTP)

PiMF (pairs in metal foil)
4 pairs of 22 or 23 AWG copper wire
surrounded by common metallic foil shield followed by braided
metallid shield
operating at 1 Gbps
Foil twisted pair (FTP)

4 pairs of 24 AWG copper wire encapsulated in a common
metallic-foil shield with PVC outer sheath
to maximize immunity from electromagnetic interference (EMI)
operating at > 1 Gbps
Shielded-foid twisted pair (SFTP)

4 pairs of 24 AWG copper wires
surrounded by common metallic foil encapsulated in a braided
metallic shield.
offers superior EMI protection
operating at > 1 Gbps
COAXIAL CABLE
Coaxial Cable (Concentric) Parallel-wire Coaxial
Pros: used for high data transmission
Cons: compared to twisted-pair

heavier
more expensive
difficult to work with braided shielding
less used in computer networks

very popular in analog systems
cable television
Shielding - woven or stranded mesh or braid surrounding

the coaxial cable
acts as the signal return path
Dual shield
one layer of foil, one layer of braided metal shielding
Quad sheild
two layers of foil, two layers of braided metal sheilding
Rigid Air-filled Solid Flexible Cable Connectors
insulating material is air, filled with Pyrex

or polystyrene
expensive to manufacture
outer conductor is braided, flexible

insulating material is polyethylene providing electrical
isolation and support
Bayonet-Neill-Concelman (BNC) Connectors Parallel-wire Coaxial
BNC Connector - can be

easily twisted on or off BNC barrel
BNC T
Bayonet-Neill-Concelman (BNC) Connectors Parallel-wire Coaxial
Type-N - threaded and must be

screwed on and off Type-N barrel

1.1 Transmission Media

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1.1 Transmission Media

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TRANSMISSION MEDIA &

In the context of Communications, a pair of wire

1. must introduce minimal attenuation to the signal

there is a viewable physical

Neither wire is connected to the ground.

AMPLIFIER 1 Metallic Circuit Currents AMPLIFIER 2

AMPLIFIER 1 Longitudinal Currents AMPLIFIER 2

there is only one wire for each signal

less immunity to noises

consists of two or more metallic conductors

2-wire parallel conductors

same with open-wire except that the spacers between conductors

formed by twisting two insulated conductors around each other

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Parallel-wire Coaxial

two copper wire encapsulated in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) insulator

UTP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

UTP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

UTP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

UTP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

UTP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

UTP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

UTP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

Enhanced Category 5 (CAT-5E)

UTP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Parallel-wire Coaxial

wire and dielectric are enclosed in a sleeve

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Parallel-wire Coaxial

wire and dielectric are enclosed in a sleeve

STP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

STP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

Category 7 (Shielded-screen twisted-pair or SSTP)

STP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

Foil twisted pair (FTP)

STP Cable Types (EIA/TIA 568 standard) Parallel-wire Coaxial

Shielded-foid twisted pair (SFTP)

Pros: used for high data transmission

Cons: compared to twisted-pair

less used in computer networks

Shielding - woven or stranded mesh or braid surrounding

Coaxial Cable (Concentric) Parallel-wire Coaxial

insulating material is air, filled with Pyrex

Coaxial Cable (Concentric) Parallel-wire Coaxial

outer conductor is braided, flexible

BNC Connector - can be

Type-N - threaded and must be

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