DIABETES MELLITUS

Presented by: Jay Mar M. Babate

BLOOD PRESSURE is created by the force of blood pushing against the
walls of blood vessels (arteries) as it is pumped by the heart. The
higher the pressure the harder the heart has to pump.

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood.

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
When the heart is at rest, between beats, the blood pressure falls.
RISK FACTORS: OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS:
• Age • Physical inactivity
• Race • Salt-rich diet (processed, fatty foods)
• Family History • Low K+ diet
• Sex • Alcohol and tobacco use
• Overweight/Obese
• Existing Health conditions
• Stress
PRIMARY (ESSENTIAL) HPN
there's no identifiable cause of high blood pressure.
It can result from multiple factors and may develop over time.
It is also influenced by environmental factors, such as stress and lack of exercise.

SECONDARY HPN
has specific causes and is a complication of another problem.
• Diabetes Mellitus • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
• Kidney Disease, CKD • Hyperthyroidism
• Pheocromocytoma • Pregnancy
• Cushing Syndrome • Obesity
If the reading shows a hypertensive crisis, wait 2 or 3 minutes and retake.
If the reading is the same or higher, this is a medical emergency.
Seek for immediate medical attention!
A person with hypertension may not notice
any symptoms, and it is often called the
"silent killer"
 STROKE - High blood pressure can cause hardening and thickening of the arteries
(atherosclerosis), which can lead to a heart attack, stroke or other complications.

ANEURYSM - Increased blood pressure can cause blood vessels to weaken and
bulge, forming an aneurysm. If it ruptures, it is life threatening.

HEART FAILURE – the heart pumps harder due to high pressure in the vessels that leads
to the thickening of the heart’s muscles. Eventually, the heart may have a hard time pumping
enough blood to meet body's needs, which can lead to heart failure.

RETINOPATHY - In the retina of the eye, changes in the blood vessels

eventually result in disruption of the integrity of the vessel, and blood or fatty acids may
leak onto the delicate retinal tissue.
 HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY
- refers to a change in mental status, frequently accompanied by headache and
nausea, that results from swelling in the brain caused by alterations in blood flow at
very high blood pressure.

KIDNEY DISEASE – Blood is filtered through the kidneys, and when the small blood
vessels of the kidney are damaged by chronic uncontrolled hypertension, the body becomes unable
to filter waste.

DEMENTIA - Narrowed or blocked arteries can limit blood flow to the brain,
leading to vascular dementia.
 SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
• MALE – high blood pressure damages the lining of the blood vessels and causes arteries
to harden and narrow (atherosclerosis), limiting blood flow – erectile dysfunction.

• FEMALE – high blood pressure reduces blood flow to the vagina that results to a decrease
in sexual desire or arousal, vaginal dryness, or difficulty achieving orgasm

BONE LOSS - high blood pressure results in excessive elimination of calcium through urine.
This may lead to loss of bone density (osteoporosis), and may progress to broken bones.

SLEEP APNEA - a condition in which the throat muscles relax causing to snore
loudly — occurs in more than half of those with high blood pressure.
 BETA-BLOCKERS
• slowers heart beat with less force.
• This reduces the amount of blood pumped through your arteries with each beat, which
lowers blood pressure.

DIURETICS
• High sodium levels and excess fluid in the body increase blood pressure.
• As the sodium leaves, extra fluid in the bloodstream moves in a form of urine, thus lowers blood
pressure.

ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin is a chemical that causes blood vessels and artery
walls to tighten and narrow. ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors prevent the
body from producing as much of this chemical. This helps blood vessels relax and
reduces blood pressure..
• https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-
hypertension#bloodpressure-medication

• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150109.php

• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-
pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045868