DESIGN OF MACHINE

ELEMENTS-I
[Lecture 1-2]

By
Anique Mukhtar
aniquemukhtar@hotmail.com
 DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-I
• Course Code : ME-304
• Instructor : Anique Mukhtar
• Semester : Fall 2018
• Credit Hours : 3-0
• Pre Requisite : Mechanics of Materials I & II
• Class timings : As per timetable
 Course Overview
• This course aims to improve the understanding of the basic concepts
behind the designing of different machine elements.
• The students should be able to design different machine elements on
the basis of different types of loading/stresses on the machine
element.
 Copied Assignment
• Strict “no-copy” policy for assignments
• All copied assignments will get zero marks (including
the source assignment)
 Course Learning Outcome (CLO’s)
• Ability to apply the design standards and dimensional parameters in
manufacturing aspects of mechanical design.(Cognitive,C3
Application).
• Ability to analyze and design different types of structural joints,
power transmitting shafts and mechanical springs. (Cognitive ,C4
Analyze).
• Ability to present effectively through oral presentation (Affective, A2
Respond).
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

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 WHAT IS A DESIGN?

Design is to formulate a plan to satisfy a

particular need and to create something
with a physical reality.

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EXAMPLE: DESIGN OF A CHAIR

Factors to be considered:

 Purpose
 Design for a grown up man or child
 Material , Strength & Cost
 Aesthetics
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 BASIC CONCEPT OF DESIGN:

1. Decision making
2. Consideration of different factors
3. Draw conclusions leading to a
optimum design
4. Market survey to read people mind
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SIMULTANEOUS DESIGN PROCESS
Customer
Requirements

Design
Engineering

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Aesthetics
 Types of
Design
2009 2015
Adaptive Developmental
design design

New Design

Examples:
Conveyer belts, Examples:
control system of New model of cars
machines Examples:
New aircraft 11

design, AGV’s
 WHAT IS A MACHINE?

Machine is combination of resisting bodies

with successfully constrained relative
motions which is used to transform one form
of energy into mechanical energy or to do
useful work.
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WHAT IS A MACHINE DESIGN?

Machine design is defined as the use of scientific

principles, technical information and imagination in the

description of machine to perform specific function with

Physics,
maximum economy and efficiency. Mathematics,
Mechanics,
Thermodynamics,
Vibrations and so on
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 BASIC CRITERIA IN MACHINE DESIGN
Make a complete statement of the problem,
indicating the need, aim or purpose for which
the machine/machine element is to be
designed.
Select
Find the
thesize
possible
of each mechanism
member of theormachine
group byof
mechanisms
consideringwhich
the force
willacting
give the
on desired
the member
motion.
and
the permissible stresses for the material used.
Find the forces acting on each member of the
machine and the energy transmitted by each
member.
Modify the size of the member to agree with the past
experience and judgment to facilitate manufacture.

Draw the detailed drawing of each component and

Select the material best suited for each member
the assembly of the machine with complete
of the machine
specification.

The component, as per the drawing, is

manufactured in the workshop. 15
WHAT IS A PRECISION & ACCURACY?

• Accuracy
How close is a computed or measured value to
the true value.

• Precision
How close is a computed or measured value to
previously computed or measured values.
 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
The mechanical behavior of a material reflects
the relationship between deformation to an
applied load.

This relationship can be defined using; • Strength

• Hardness
Carefully designed • Ductility
laboratory experiments • Stiffness
(as nearly as possible the
service conditions)
 Nature of the applied load
 its duration
 environmental conditions
 NATURE OF LOADS
 Tensile, compressive, or shear
 Magnitude may be constant with time, or it may fluctuate continuously
 Application time may be only a fraction of a second, or it may extend over a
period of many years
CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN
Engineering Stress & Strain

Tensile
Stress

γ  tan θ
Shear
Stress
 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN
‘E’ is the modulus
of elasticity, or
Hook’s Law - Modulus of Elasticity (E) Young’s modulus
Stress and Strain are
proportional to each other
 
‘G’ is the modulus
of Rigidity
 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

EXAMPLE # 1:

A piece of copper originally 305 mm long is

pulled in tension with a stress of 276 MPa. If the
deformation is entirely elastic, what will be the
resultant elongation? (‘E’ for copper is 110 GPa)
 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN
Stiffness, or a Material’s
resistance to elastic
Modulus of Elasticity (E) deformation.

The slope of this linear segment

corresponds to the modulus of elasticity
E.

The greater the modulus, the stiffer the

material, or the smaller the elastic strain.

The modulus is an important design

parameter used for computing elastic
deflections/deformation.
 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

Modulus of Elasticity (E)

Deformation in which stress and strain are

proportional is called elastic deformation

Elastic deformation is nonpermanent, which

means that when the applied load is released,
the piece returns to its original shape.
 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN
Yield Strength (Sy)
Most structures are designed to ensure that only elastic deformation
Stress level at which plastic deformation begins called yielding point

‘el’ : the elastic limit.

Beyond this point, the deformation is
said to be plastic and the material will
deformed permanently.

Between ‘pl’ and ‘el’ the diagram is

not a perfectly straight line, even
though the specimen is elastic.
During the tension test, a point at which the strain begins to increase very
rapidly without a corresponding increase in stress, called yield point.
 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN
Not all materials have an obvious
yield point, especially for brittle
materials. .

Yield Strength (Sy)

Offset Method

Yield strength Sy is often

defined by an offset method,
where line a-y is drawn at
slope E.
 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

Yield Strength (Sy)

Offset Method
Usually 0.2 percent of the original
gauge length (ε = 0.002).

(0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 percent)

Yield Strength
 CONCEPT OF STRESS & STRAIN

Ultimate or Tensile Strength (Sut)

After yielding, the stress necessary

to continue plastic deformation in
metals increases to a maximum,
point ‘u’, and then decreases to the
eventual fracture, point ‘f’.

The ultimate, or tensile, strength Su

or Sut corresponds to point ‘u’ is the
maximum stress reached on the
stress-strain diagram.
 FACTOR OF SAFETY

Design Factor (Factor of Safety)

Maximum Applicable Load Maximum bearable Stress
N N
Applying Load Applying Stess

For brittle
materials

For ductile
materials
 FACTOR OF SAFETY
X

Z
Y

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

Poisson’s Ratio
(0.25 to 0.35)

Isotropic
For metals Material
G= 40% of E