HEAT TRANSFER

MEng 3105

BY
Desta G.
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
 Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit, which occurs as a result
of a temperature gradient or difference.
 Whenever there exists a temperature difference Heat Transfer
MUST exist.
 This temperature difference is thought of as a driving force that
causes heat to flow.
 Thermal energy: Thermal energy is associated with the
translation, rotation, vibration and electronic states of the atoms
and molecules that comprise matter.
 It represents the cumulative effect of microscopic activities and is
directly linked to the temperature of matter.
 Heat Transfer :

 Flows faster when this difference is higher

 Always flows from high to low temperature
 Is greater with greater surface area
 Some materials transfer heat better than other
 Applications of heat transfer

 Heat transfer in daily life:

• Heating
• Cooling
• Cooking
Transfer of heat from one system (body, medium) to another one!

Fig. 1.1: Example heating. Fig. 1.2 Example cooling. Fig. 1.3 Example cooking.
 Cont...
Heat transfer in process/mechanical engineering:
• Heating / cooling
• Vaporizing
• Energy conversion

Fig. 1.5:
Example Fig. 1.6: Example steam
Fig. 1.4: Example heat vaporizer. generator.
exchanger.
 Heat Transfer Methods

 Heat transfers in three ways:

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
Conduction
 When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat travels to the
other end.

• As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these

vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on
and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and
so is the heat. We call this? Conduction
 Cont.
 Conduction: collision between molecules or atoms (fluid); lattice
waves induced by atomic and translational motion of the free
electrons (solid).
Cont.
Convection
 What happens to the particles in a liquid or a gas when you heat
them?
o The particles spread out and become less dense.
 Cont.

 Convection involves the transfer of heat by the motion and mixing of "macroscopic"
portions of a fluid (that is, the flow of a fluid past a solid boundary)
 Cont.
 Convection is comprised of two fundamental phenomena
1. Diffusion
2. Macroscopic motion of molecules ( advection)
 Convection occurs between a moving fluid and a solid.
Types of Convection:
1. Forced Convection: occurs when a fluid flow is induced by an
external force, such as a pump, fan or a mixer.

2. Free Convection: caused by buoyancy forces due to density

differences caused by temperature variations in the fluid.
Radiation

 Radiation, energy transfer across a system boundary due to a change of temperature , by

the mechanism of photon emission or electromagnetic wave emission.

 unlike conduction and convection, there need be no intermediate matter to enable

transmission
Emission Experiment
Absorption Experiment