Engineering Applications of Control Volume-2

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

More Innovations for Extrasomatism…..

Steam Power Plant: A series of CVs in SSSF
 Pumping of Incompressible Fluids
   outlet
W pump  m hin  hout    m vin  dp
inlet

 
m u  pv in  u  pv out    m vin  pout  pin 
  
m uin  uout   m pout vout  pinvin    m vin  pout  pin 

m uin  uout   0
uin  uout

Tin  Tout
Adiabatic pumping of a liquid is almost an Isothermal process!!
 2 – 3 : Steam Generation : Isobaric Heating

   
   
Q CV  min  h  V 2  gz in
 mout  h  V 2  gz out
 W CV
QCV

No work transfer, change in kinetic and potential energies are

negligible

  
Q CV  min  hin  m out  hout

 
Q SG  m hout  hin 
Oil Fired Steam Boiler

 
Q SG  m hout  hin 
 Turbine : Adiabatic Process

3
T

4
 
SSSF : CM : min  m out
   
   
Q CV  min  h  V 2  gz in
 mout  h  V 2  gz out
 W CV
No heat transfer. Change in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible   
min  hin  m out  hout  W CV
Assuming a single fluid entering and leaving…
  
W turbine  m hin  hout   m h3  h4 
Diagram of Large Power Plant Turbine
HP Turbine Rotor
LP Turbine Rotor
 Highly compressible flow through Turbine
 
W turbine  m hin  hout 
 outlet
m  hin  hout    m  vdp
inlet

vout  vin
  
m uin  uout   m poutvout  pinvin    m  poutvout  pinvin 
n
1 n

uin  uout   0 !!!

Steam Power Plant: A series of CVs in SSSF
 4 – 1 : Condenser : Isobaric Cooling : p4 = p1

   
   
Q CV  min  h  V 2  gz in
 mout  h  V 2  gz out
 W CV
QCV

1 4

No work transfer, change in kinetic and

potential energies are negligible
  
Q CV  min  hin  m out  hout
Assuming a single fluid entering and leaving…
 
Q Condenser  m hout  hin 
Schematic for PC Power Plant with cooling Water from A
River
Windcatcher (Bagdir)
Schematic for PC Power Plant with cooling tower
Air Cooled Condenser System
 Net Heat and work Actions
• First law for a cycle:

 

 Q   W
i 1 i 1

 m  q   m  w
i i

  i Qi 1  m
m  Wi 1
Turbojet Engine: A Heat Engine with Single Phase –
Non Pure Substance
Qin

Qout

Wout
 Structure of A Domestic Refrigerator

1: Evaporator/Freezer
2: Condenser
3: Compressor
4 : Throttling Device
Thermodynamic Cycle of A Refrigerator
 Simplified Diagram of A Refrigerator

Throttling Valve
Condenser : Transient Constant
Pressure Cooling.

Compressor : Transient adiabatic

Compression.

Throttling Device: Homogeneous

and Transient Isoenthalpic process.

Evaporator: Transient Constant

Compressor Pressure Cooling.

All the parts are CVs working in USUF processes.

Analysis of Uniform State Uniform Flow Devices
 First Law for CV:Uniform State Uniform Flow

Properties of CV are variant:

• Conservation of mass:
dmCV dmCV
m  out  m
 in  0  m
 in  m
 out
dt dt
Continuous Accumulation or/and depletion of mass of a CV.

• Conservation of energy:
  dECV  
Q     W
in out
dt

Continual Addition or removal of energy for a CV.

 Salient Features of CV @USUF Process
• Rate of mass inflow  Rate mass outflow.
• The states of inflows and outflows are invariant although the
mass flow rates may be time varying.
• Rate of Work done is variant.
• Rate of Heat transfer is variant.
• Change of state or process is both for the CV and Flows!
• The incoming fluid changes its state from inlet(at one time t0) to
exit (at time t0+Dt) condition.
• A CV with USUF process is approximates as a homogeneous but
variant device.
• The importance of time is very high!
 CV following A USUF Process for time Dt
• A change of state occurs in a CV with USUF due to
change in time.
• A total change in a CV over time Dt can be calculated
using:
t 0  Dt t 0  Dt
 dmCV 

t0

 dt
dt 

 m
t0
in
 out dt
m

Total change in mass of A CV during a time interval Dt

t 0  Dt

mCV t0  Dt   mCV (t0 )   m in

 out dt
m
t0
Total change in energy of A CV during a time interval Dt
t 0  Dt t 0  Dt t 0  Dt t 0  Dt t 0  Dt
dECV

t0
 dt 
Q  in
 dt 

t0

t0
dt
dt   out
 dt 

t0

t0
W dt

  V 2

in  m in  h   gz 
 2 in

  V2 
 out  m out  h   gz 
 2 out

 V2 
ECV  mCV  u   gz 
 2 

All parameters mentioned above are homogeneous and variant.

Let us now integrate this equation over time Dt, during which time
we have
t 0  Dt t 0  Dt

QCV  
t0
 dt
Q WCV  
t0
W dt

t 0  Dt

in   in
 dt

t0

t 0  Dt

 out  out
 dt

t0
t 0  Dt
dECV  V22   V12 

t0
dt
dt  m2 u2 
 2
 gZ 2   m1 u1 
  2
 gZ1 

First Law for A CV executing USUF for finite time
 Throttling Devices

• Throttling devices are any kind of

flow restricting devices.
• They cause large pressure drop in
the fluid.
• The pressure drop in fluid is often
accompanied by a large drop in
temperature and rarely a raise in
temperature.
• The magnitude of temperature drop
or rise during a throttling process is
governed by a property called
Joule-Thomson Coefficient.
 Throttling Valves
• Throttling: Reduces Pressure
• Common Assumptions:
– SSSF
– No work or heat transfer
– Neglect changes in PE and KE
• Energy Balance: Throttling Valve
0 0
   V2    V2  
QCV   min   h   gz    mout   h   gz   W CV
 2   2 
 in  out
V 2  V 2 
  gz     gz 
 2   2 
 in  out
• Isenthalpic (h = constant) Process

hin  hout  uin   pv in  uout   pv out

Internal energy + Flow energy = Constant

The fluids whose pv increases during throttling generate cooling effect.

The fluids whose pv decreases during throttling generate cooling effect
 The Joule-Thomson Experiment

T

p H  constant