Direct X Indirect

Speech
 Direct Speech
 Saying exactly what someone has said is
called direct speech (sometimes called
quoted speech). Dizer exatamente o que
alguem disse é chamado discurso direto.
 Here what a person says appears within
quotation marks ("...") and should be word
for word. Aqui o que uma pessoa diz
aparece entre aspas e deve ser palavra
por palavra.
 Direct Speech
Exemples
 She said, "Today's lesson is on
presentations."
 or
 "Today's lesson is on presentations," she
said.
 Indirect Speech

 Indirect speech (sometimes called

reported speech), doesn't use quotation
marks to enclose what the person said
and it doesn't have to be word for word.
 O discurso indireto, não usa aspas para
marcar o que a pessoa disse e não
precisa ser palavra por palavra.
 Indirect Speech

 When reporting speech the tense usually

changes. This is because when we use reported
speech, we are usually talking about a time in
the past (because obviously the person who
spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs
therefore usually have to be in the past too.
 Quando no discurso indireto o verbo geralmente
muda. Isto porque quando usamos o discurso
indireto, nós estamos geralmente falando sobre
um tempo no passado. Os verbos portanto
geralmente tem de estar no passado também.
 Indirect Speech

 Tense change:
 As a rule when you report something someone
has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the
left changes to the tense on the right):
 Via de regra quando você relata alguma coisa
que alguem disse você volta um tempo.
(observe a tabela seguinte onde o tempo da
esquerda se transforma no tempo da direita)
Indirect Speech x Direct speech

 Direct speech  Indirect speech

Present simple  Past simple
She said, "It's cold.” She said it was cold.
 Present continuous  Past continuous
She said, "I'm She said she was
teaching English teaching English
online." online.
Indirect Speech x Direct speech
 Present perfect  Past perfect simple
simple She said she had
She said, "I've been been on the web
on the web since since 1999.
1999.“
 Present perfect  Past perfect
continuous continuous
She said, "I've been She said she had
teaching English for been teaching English
seven years." for seven years.
Indirect Speech x Direct speech
 Past simple  Past perfect
She said, "I taught She said she had
online yesterday.“ taught online
yesterday.
 Past continuous  Past perfect
She said, "I was continuous
teaching earlier." She said she had
been teaching earlier.
Indirect Speech x Direct speech
 Past perfect  Past perfect
She said, "The lesson NO CHANGE - She
had already started said the lesson had
when he arrived.” already started when
he arrived.
 Past perfect  Past perfect
continuous continuous
She said, "I'd already NO CHANGE - She
been teaching for five said she'd already
minutes." been teaching for five
minutes.
 Indirect Speech x Direct speech
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
 Direct speech  Indirect speech
 will  would
She said, "I'll teach
English online She said she would
tomorrow.“ teach English online
tomorrow.
 can  could
She said, "I can teach She said she could
English online."
teach English online.
 Indirect Speech x Direct speech
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
 Direct speech  Indirect speech
 must  had to
She said, "I must have a She said she had to have
computer to teach
English online.“ a computer to teach
 shall English online.
She said, "What shall we  should
learn today?“ She asked what we
 may should learn today.
She said, "May I open a
new browser?"  might
She asked if she might
open a new browser.
 Indirect Speech x Direct speech
Time change
 If the reported sentence contains an expression
of time, you must change it to fit in with the time
of reporting.
 Se a frase relatada contiver uma expressão de
tempo, você terá que transforma-la para que ela
se adeque ao tempo em que foi relatada.
 Exemplos: "Today's lesson is on presentations."
She said yesterday's lesson was on
presentations.
 Indirect Speech x Direct speech
Time change

 this (evening)  that (evening)

 today  yesterday
 these (days)  those (days)
 now  then
 (a week) ago  (a week) before
 Indirect Speech x Direct speech
Time change

 last weekend  the weekend before

last / the previous
weekend
 here
 There
 the following (week)
 next (week)
 tomorrow
 the next / following
day
 Indirect Speech x Direct speech
Pronoun change

 In reported speech, the pronoun often

changes. No discurso indireto o pronome
frequentemente muda.
 For example:
 "I teach English online." You said you
teach English on line.
 Maria says “ I teach English on line”
 She said she teaches English online.
 Indirect Speech x Direct speech
yes/no question

 When we report a yes/no question, we have to

transpose the question and add 'if'. Quando
relatamos uma pergunta tipo sim/não,temos que
transportar a pergunta e acrescentar “if/whether”
 Here are some examples:
 Can you swim?
 He asked her if she could swim.
 Would you like a piece of cake?
 She asked him if he would like a piece of cake.
 Indirect Speech x Direct speech
' Wh' Questions
 When we use a 'wh' question we just have to
transpose the verb and subject. Quando usamos
um “Wh” devemos apenas transportar o verbo e
o sujeito.
 Here are some examples:
 What do you want?
 She asked him what he wanted?
 Where are we going to go?
 He wondered where they were going to go?
 How much will it cost?
 She wondered how much it would cost?
 Reporting Verbs

 Said, told and asked are the most

common verbs used in indirect
speech.
 Said, told and asked são os verbos
mais usados no discurso indireto.
 Reporting Verbs

 We use asked to report questions. Nós

usamos asked para relatar perguntas.
 For example: I asked Lynne what time the
lesson started.
 We use told with an object. Nós usamos
told com um objeto.
 For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
 Note - Here me is the object. Neste caso
“me é o objeto.
 Reporting Verbs
 We usually use said without an
object. Sem um objeto
geralmente usamos said.
 For example: Lynne said she was
going to teach online.
 Reporting Verbs
 There are many other verbs we can use apart
from said, told and asked. Existem vários outros
verbos que podemos usar além de said, told, e
asked.
 These include: Isto inclui:
 accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed,
apologized, begged, boasted, complained,
denied, explained, implied, invited, offered,
ordered, promised, replied, suggested and
thought.
Use of 'That' in reported speech

 In reported speech, the word that is often used. No

discurso direto, a palavra that é frequentemente
utilizada.
 For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
 However, that is optional. Entretanto, o that é opcional.
 For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.
 Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often
use if. That nunca é usado em perguntas, usamos
if/whether para substitui-lo.
 For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.