ORGANISASI SISTEM

SARAF

FAKHRURRAZY
 Nervous System
The Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Brain Spinal Cord Motor Neurons Sensory Neurons

Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

• voluntary movements via • organs, smooth muscles
skeletal muscles

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
- “Fight-or-Flight” responses - maintenance
Organization of the Nervous System
Nervous System Organization
Functional Organization
of Nervous Tissue
 The Nervous System
Components
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory
receptors
Responsible for
Sensory perceptions, mental activities,
stimulating muscle movements, secretions
of many glands
Subdivisions
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Central Nervous System

Consists of
Brain
• Located in cranial
vault of skull
Spinal cord
• Located in vertebral
canal
Brain and spinal
cord
Continuous with
each other at
foramen magnum
Peripheral Nervous System
Two subcategories
Sensory or afferent
Motor or efferent
• Divisions
– Somatic nervous
system
– Autonomic nervous
system (ANS)
– Sympathetic
– Parasympatheti
c
– Enteric
Cells of Nervous System
Neurons or nerve
cells
Receive stimuli and
transmit action
potentials
Organization
• Cell body or soma
• Dendrites: Input
• Axons: Output
Neuroglia or glial
cells
Support and protect
neurons
Metabolism and Synthesis in a Neuron
 Types of Neurons

Functional classification
Sensory or afferent: Action potentials toward CNS
Motor or efferent: Action potentials away from CNS
Interneurons or association neurons: Within CNS from one
neuron to another
Structural classification
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
Myelinated and Unmyelinated Axons

Myelinated axons
Myelin protects and
insulates axons from
one another
Not continuous
• Nodes of Ranvier
Unmyelinated axons
Glial Cell Functions
 Electrical Signals

Cells produce electrical signals called

action potentials
Transfer of information from one part of
body to another
Electrical properties result from ionic
concentration differences across plasma
membrane and permeability of
membrane
Electrical Signals:
Ionic Concentrations and
Potentials
Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
Membrane Permeability
Ion Channels
Nongated or leak
channels
Always open and
responsible for
permeability
Specific for one type of ion
although not absolute
Gated ion channels
Ligand-gated
• Open or close in response
to ligand binding to
receptor as ACh
Voltage-gated
• Open or close in response
to small voltage changes
Resting Membrane Potential
Characteristics
Number of charged
molecules and ions
inside and outside
cell nearly equal
Concentration of K+
higher inside than
outside cell, Na+
higher outside than
inside
At equilibrium there
is very little
movement of K+ or
other ions across
plasma membrane
 Changes in Resting Membrane Potential

K+ concentration gradient alterations

K+ membrane permeability changes
Depolarization or hyperpolarization: Potential difference across
membrane becomes smaller or less polar
Hyperpolarization: Potential difference becomes greater or more polar
Na+ membrane permeability changes
Changes in Extracellular Ca2+ concentrations
Local Potentials
Result from
Ligands binding to receptors
Changes in charge across
membrane
Mechanical stimulation
Temperature or changes
Spontaneous change in
permeability
Graded
Magnitude varies from small
to large depending on
stimulus strength or
frequency
Can summate or add onto
each other
Action Potentials
Series of
permeability
changes when a
local potential
causes
depolarization of
membrane
Phases
Depolarization
• More positive
Repolarization
• More negative
All-or-none principle
Camera flash system
Action Potential Stages: Overview
Action Potential
Refractory Period
Sensitivity of area to
further stimulation
decreases for a time
Parts
Absolute
• Complete insensitivity
exists to another
stimulus
• From beginning of
action potential until
near end of
repolarization
Relative
• A stronger-than-
threshold stimulus can
initiate another action
potential
Action Potential Propagation
Saltatory Conduction
The Synapse

Junction between
two cells
Site where action
potentials in one cell
cause action
potentials in another
cell
Types
Presynaptic
Postsynaptic
Chemical Synapses

Components
Presynaptic terminal
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitters
released by action
potentials in presynaptic
terminal
Synaptic vesicles
Diffusion
Postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitter
removal
Neurotransmitter Removal
Central Nervous System: Overview

Brain
Spinal cord
Layers of the Cortex
 Protecting the Brain

Hair, skin, cranium

Venous sinus blood
Meninges
Drua mater
Arachnoid
membrane
Pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal Fluid

From coracoid plexus

Fills ventricles & subarachnoid
Fluid pillow floats brain
Exchange transport
From blood
To brain tissue
Cerebrospinal Fluid
 Blood Brain Barrier
Extensive capillaries & sinuses
Tight junctions: limit permeability
Astrocyte foot processes: secrete paracrines
Protects brain: hormones & circulating chemicals
Many glucose transporters
Brain Growth
Brain Develpment
 Brain Overview
Trillion interneurons fill the brain
Up to 200,000 synapses each
Brain divisions
Cerebrum
Diencephalons
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Brain Overview
 Brain

forebrain midbrain* hindbrain*

(prosencephalon) (mesencephalon) (rhombencephalon)

Cerebellum Pons Reticular Medulla

formation oblongata

*brain stem: midbrain and hindbrain

Gross Anatomy
Hindbrain Structures
Cerebellum
 Brain

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

(prosencephalon) (mesencephalon) (rhombencephalon)

Tectum: Tegmentum:
superior colliculus, Substantia nigra,
inferior colliculus Red nucleus,
Periaequeductal
gray region (pain),
…
Midbrain Structures
Brain Stem Overview:
Midbrain, Pons & Medulla
Many cranial nerves enter
Pyramids – nerve tracts crossover
Midbrain – eye movement control
Pons – breathing, signal relay
Medulla – involuntary functions
Examples: Blood pressure, vomiting
Reticular formation:
Network in brain stem
Arousal, sleep, pain, & muscle tone
Brain Stem Overview:
Midbrain, Pons & Medulla
 Brain

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

(prosencephalon) (mesencephalon) (rhombencephalon)

endbrain (telencephalon) between brain (diencephalon):

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

cortex: subcortical structures:

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, limbic system, basal ganglia,
parietal lobe, occipital lobe rhinencephalon (olfactory
bulb, olfactory tracts)
Forebrain
Diencephalon
 subcortical structures

basal ganglia limbic system rhinencephalon:

olfactory bulb
olfactory tracts

globus pallidus: striatum: amygdala

initiation of caudate nucleus, (also limbic)
voluntary putamen; inhibition
movement of movement
Basal Ganglia
 subcortical structures

basal ganglia limbic system rhinencephalon:

olfactory bulb
olfactory tracts

amygdala hippocampus nucleus accumbens

(also basal ganglia) (pleasure center)
(also part of striatum
in basal ganglia)
Structures of the Limbic System
Sense of Smell
Cerebral Cortex
Spinal Cord Regions

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
 Spinal Cord Organization

Gray matter: mostly cell bodies

Dendrites & terminals
Spinal reflex integrating center
White matter
Bundles of myelinated axons
• Ascending tracts – sensory
• Descending tracts – motor
Dorsal roots
Ventral roots
Spinal Cord Organization
Cranial Nerves