Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
*SYNTHESIZING
DIFFICULTIES
Parts of a Research Paper
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Sample and Sampling Method
Instruments
Data Collection Procedure
Data Analysis
CHAPTER 4 – PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
[Headings are based on Research Questions]
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Recommendations
Activity – VENN DIAGRAMMING
Differences between:
Research
Content Design Researchable
Area Questions
Sampling
Measurement Data
Methods Collection
Statistical
Analysis ? Report
Writing
Research Design
Example
• Mathematics Anxiety and Academic Performance of Selected Freshmen
Students of St. Paul University, School Year 2016 – 2017.
Descriptive Evaluative
28
Descriptive Comparative
It provides an explanation on the extent of relationship between
two or more variables
It is used to compare or contrast representative samples from two
or more groups of subjects in relation to certain designated
variables.
compares the characteristics of groups according to some
selected variables since the main purpose is to determine the
difference without determining the cause
Example
A national survey of attitudes towards “professionalism” or
“leadership aspirations” among graduates of baccalaureate and
associate degree programs.
I. Ex – Post facto Research Studies
- Same as causal comparative design.
30
Examples
Differences in hearing among smokers and nonsmokers.
31
Trends and Projective Studies
Examples
• Forecasting Sales of Beverages in Tuguegarao City
• Determining Housing Projects by the Year 2019
Experimental Methods
of Research
Experimental Method
experimental treatment
Control group
Experimental group
experimental treatment
Post test
Control group
Post test
2. AFTER / POST TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
Control group I
Experimental group II
experimental treatment
Post test
Control group II
Post test
SOLOMON FOUR GROUP DESIGN
This design employs two experimental groups and two control
groups. Initially, the investigator randomly assigns subjects to the
four groups. Those in the experimental group 1 are pretested
and are tested again after the treatment.
43
Pre – Experimental Design
Subdivisions:
- One shot case study/ single case study
- One group pretest – posttest design
- Static group comparison design
44
One shot case study/ single case study
• In single case study, that studies at once, following a
treatment or an agent presumed to cause change.
• Because the study design has a total absence of control, it
is considered to be little value as an experiment.
45
One group pretest – posttest design
Only one group is observed before and after the independent
variable is introduced.
46
Static group comparison design
47
48
Quasi – Experimental
Research
QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
It is one with full experimental control, usually
randomization, is not possible.
Subdivisions:
Non equivalent control group design or the four celled design
without use of randomization
The time series quasi experimental design
The multiple time series design
1. Non equivalent control group design or the four celled design
without use of randomization
experimental treatment
Experimental group
experimental matter
Pre test 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 post test 1
Control group
Sample – a group
from which you
collect data;
representative or
typical of a
population
Population – group to
which sample results
will be generalized
BASIC CONCEPTS IN SAMPLING
AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The process which involves taking a part of a population,
making observation on this representatives and the
generalizing the findings to the bigger population (Zulueta
and Costales, 2003).
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Sample
Sampling Data
Process
Inferences/Generalization
(Subject to Uncertainty)
Universe
Session 3.60
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
Basic Terms
SAMPLING – the process of selecting a sample
PARAMETER – descriptive measure of the population
STATISTIC – descriptive measure of the sample
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS – concerned with making generalizations about parameters using statistics
SAMPLING ERROR – error attributed to the variation present from one sample to another when we take
measurements from only n elements in the sample instead of a census of all N elements of the physical
population.
NON-SAMPLING ERROR – error from other sources apart from sampling fluctuations, namely, measurement errors
and errors in the implementation of the sampling design
Session 3.61
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
Session 3.62
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
1. Probability sample
2. Non-probability sample
Session 3.63
Probability sampling – A method of sampling that utilizes
some form of random selection. In order to have a
random selection method, you must set up some
process or procedure that assures that the different units
in your population have equal probabilities of being
chosen.
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
PROBABILITY SAMPLES
Session 3.65
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
PROBABILITY SAMPLES
Session 3.66
Non – Probability sampling – A sampling technique
where the samples are gathered in a process that does
not give all the individuals in the population equal
chances of being selected.
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLES
Session 3.68
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
Session 3.69
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
Session 3.70
Probability Sampling
Session 3.72
Probability Sampling
Steps:
1. construct the population of the participants and
determine the relevant strata.
2. Select the number using either proportional or equal
allocation
3. Choose the participants within each category
according to simple random sampling methods
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
ILLUSTRATION
B B
C
D
Session 3.74
Determining Adequate Sample
Size
Sampling Formula (Slovin’s)
N
n = -----------
1 + e N2
Surgery 800 94
Medical 500 59
Obygyney 700 82
Advantages of Stratification
Session 3.79
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Adopts a skipping pattern in the selection of sample units
Gives a better cross-section if the listing is linear in trend
but has high risk of bias if there is periodicity in the listing
of units in the sampling frame
Allows the simultaneous listing and selection of samples
in one operation
Session 3.80
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
ILLUSTRATION
Systematic Sample
Population
Session 3.81
Probability Sampling
Cluster Sampling
used when large scale – survey is undertaken. Groups
are chosen and not individuals.
Homogeneity is considered.
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
CLUSTER SAMPLING
It considers a universe divided into N mutually exclusive
sub-groups called clusters.
A random sample of n clusters is selected and their
elements are completely enumerated.
It has simpler frame requirements. Slide No. 3.19
Session 3.83
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
ILLUSTRATION
Population
Cluster Sample
In the first stage, the units are grouped into N sub-groups, called
primary sampling units (psu’s) and a simple random sample of n
psu’s are selected.
Illustration:
A PRIMARY SAMPLING UNIT
Session 3.86
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS ….
Illustration:
SAMPLE
Session 3.87
Types Non - Probability Sampling
88
Purposive/judgemental sampling –sometimes called
deliberate sampling.The researcher relies on his judgment
as the criterion for the selection and does not use the
rules governing sampling techniques .
Example. To investigate the history of a certain place.
To investigate the effectiveness of a certain
shampoo.
89
Quota sampling – used for infinite population frames and
therefore, the researcher cannot get a random sample.
Like purposive sample, this is not a representative
sample.
Example: To investigate the DIP learning in SPUP. The
researcher will select say 50 participants in each
school/department as a quota.
90
Revisiting the Problem
What is the research design?
DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
Research Design
This study will utilize the quantitative research approach,
specifically, the descriptive survey. The study will aim to
describe and discuss the extent to which the Grade 11
students experienced problems in the implementation of
the K to 12 Curriculum along the areas of instructional
facility and materials, curriculum and academic
concerns. The respondents will be asked to answer a
self-made questionnaire constructed by the researchers.
Revisiting the Problem – [Writing the Sample and Sampling Technique]
Chapter 3 – METHODOLOGY
FRIENDLY REMINDER
REMEMBER: Start Small . . . No matter how
grandly you're planning.