PLASMODIUM

Classification
• Phylum :Protozoa
• Sub-Phylum :Sporozoa
• Class :Telosporea
• Sub- class :Coccidia
• Order : Eucoccida
• Sub-Order :Haemosporidia
• Family : Plasmodiidae
• Genus : Plasmodium
INTRODUCTION
• Malaria is the mosquito born infectious disease of human.
Malaria is caused by a parasite that is passed from one human
to another by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. After
infection, the parasites (called sporozoites) travel through the
bloodstream to the liver, where they mature and release
another form, the merozoites. which introduces the protists via
its saliva into the circulatory system, and ultimately to the
liver where they mature and reproduce. The disease causes
symptoms that typically include fever and headache, which in
severe cases can progress to coma or death.
 Malaria parasite
• The Parasite which cause malaria in man and other animals
belong to –
• Class:- Sporozoa
• Suborder:- Hemosporidia
• Genus:- Plasmodium
• Most common species found in man are :-
1. Plasmodium Vivax
2. Plasmodium Falciparum
3. Plasmodium Malariae
4. Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium Falciparum Plasmodium Malariae

Plasmodium Vivax Plasmodium ovale

PLASMODIUM VIVAX
• Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human
pathogen. The most frequent and widely distributed cause of
recurring (Benign tertian)malaria, P. vivax is one of the six
species of malarial parasite that commonly infect humans. It is
less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, which is the
deadliest of the six, and is seldom fatal. P. vivax is carried by
the female Anopheles mosquito, since it is only the female of
the species that bites
PLASMODIUM FALCIPARIUM
• Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, one of the
species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is
transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria caused
by this species is the most dangerous form of malaria, with the
highest rates of complications and mortality
PLASMODIUM OVALE
• Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that
causes tertian malaria in humans. It is closely related to
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which are
responsible for most malaria. It is rare compared to these two
parasites, and substantially less dangerous than P. falciparum.
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
• Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes
malaria in humans. It is closely related to Plasmodium
falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible
for most malarial infection. While found worldwide, it is a
so-called "benign malaria" and is not nearly as dangerous
as that produced by P. falciparum or P. vivax. P. malariae
causes fevers that recur at approximately three-day
intervals (a quartan fever), longer than the twoday
(tertian) intervals of the other malarial parasites, hence its
alternate names quartan fever and quartan malaria .
The developmental stages
 TROPHOZOITE

Schizont

Gametocyte
Life cycle
prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Chloroquine / pyrimethamine used for
prophylaxis of malaria
Chemotherapy: 1 week before entry into the
endemic area ; for 4 weeks after returning from
the endemic area
treatment
Chlorquine and quinine----anti-erythrocytic
stage drugs. (question: Which stage of
plasmodium can these drugs kill?)
Primaquine and pyrimethamine ----anti-
exoerythrocytic stage drugs.

Mosquito control
(1). Reconstruction of environment: eradicate the
breeding places of mosquitoes.
(2). Spray insecticides: DDVP and so on.
(3). Use mosquito nets, screen, or mosquito
repellents to protect the person from mosquito
bites
 References
• CDC: Malaria. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 28
December 2015.
•Zilversmit, M.; Perkins, S. "Plasmodium". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 1
June 2016.
•Haldar, Kasturi; Bhattacharjee, Souvik; Safeukui, Innocent (2018). "Drug
resistance in Plasmodium". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 16 (3): 156.
•Valkiunas, Gediminas (2004). "General Section - Life Cycle and Morphology of
Plasmodiidae Species". Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia. CRC Press.
pp. 27–35.
•Corradetti A.; Garnham P.C.C.; Laird M. (1963). "New classification of the avian malaria
parasites". Parassitologia. 5: 1–4.