ROCKS:

THEIR
COMPOSITION,
IDENTIFICATION
& PROPERTIES

PRESENTED BY: GROUP I

FOR: GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
MINERALS AND ROCKS GROUPS
WHICH GENERATES EARTH CRUST
 COMMON ELEMENTS FOUND
IN THE EARTH’S CRUST
Most rocks are
composed of Percent Weight in Earth's
Element Chemical Symbol
Crust
minerals. Minerals
are defined by Oxygen O 46.60%
geologists as Silicon Si 27.72%
naturally Aluminum Al 8.13%
occurring Iron Fe 5.00%
inorganic solids
Calcium Ca 3.63%
that have a
crystalline Sodium Na 2.83%
structure and a Potassium K 2.59%
distinct chemical Magnesium Mg 2.09%
composition.
 Chemical Properties of the
Minerals
 Minerals have a special composition
 It is determined by qualitative and quantitative analyzes and indicated by related formulas.
 The same chemical composition, a different crystal system polymorphism (multidimensionality)
is used
 Calcite with aragonite and diamond with graphite are polymorph minerals.
 If minerals have the same shape but they have different chemical composition, isomorphism
(coordination) is used.
 Calcite (CaCO3) dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3) and siderite (FeCO3) are isomorphic minerals
 The Importance of Minerals in
Civil Engineering
Many minerals are used as building materials in the construction industry.
The concrete is generally obtained with a mixture of gravel, sand, cement and
water
Aggregate (aggregate): sand, gravel, crushed stone (blasted rock), slag (slag) as
concrete (concrete) course used for the construction or artificial or both types
often broken in various sizes up to 10cm or broken granular material stack (sand
+ gravel + natural rock material consisting of crushed stone).
Various clay minerals have been used in mud bricks, bricks, tiles since ancient
times.
 Main Minerals found in the
Rocks
 Minerals and rocks are the essential building blocks of the geosphere. Although there
are over 3,000 species of minerals, only a few of them, such as quartz, feldspar, mica,
amphibole, pyroxene, olivine and calcite, occur commonly as rock-forming minerals.
 The rocks are mineral assemblages; either by the combination of various minerals or
pieces of stone, or by the accumulation of a large number of single minerals.
 Rock-Forming Minerals

 There are almost 5000 known mineral species, yet the vast majority of rocks are
formed from combinations of a few common minerals, referred to as “rock-forming
minerals”. The rock-forming minerals are: feldspars, quartz, amphiboles, micas,
olivine, garnet, calcite, pyroxenes.
 Minerals occurring within a rock in small quantities are referred to as “accessory
minerals”. Although accessory minerals are present in only small amounts, they may
provide valuable insight into the geological history of a rock, and are often used to
ascertain the age of a rock. Common accessory minerals are: zircon, monazite,
apatite, titanite, tourmaline, pyrite and other opaque.
ROCKS
WHAT IS ROCKS

The solid mineral material

forming part of the surface of
the Earth and other similar
planets, exposed on the surface
or underlying the soil or oceans.
WHAT IS ROCKS

Rock, in geology, naturally

occurring and coherent aggregate
of one or more minerals. Such
aggregates constitute the basic
unit of which the solid Earth is
comprised and typically form
recognizable and mappable
volumes.
ROCK TYPES
IGNEOUS ROCKS

Igneous rocks are formed

from the solidification of
molten rock material.
Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's

surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there
allows large crystals to form. Examples of intrusive
igneous rocks are diorite, gabbro, granite,
pegmatite, and peridotite.
Examples of Intrusive Igneous
Rocks
Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface,

where they cool quickly to form small crystals.
Some cool so quickly that they form an amorphous
glass. These rocks include andesite, basalt, dacite,
obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and tuff.
Examples of Extrusive Igneous
Rocks
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Sedimentary rocks are formed by

the accumulation of sediments.
Clastic sedimentary rocks

Clastic sedimentary rocks such

as breccia, conglomerate,
sandstone, siltstone, and shale
are formed from mechanical
weathering debris.
Chemical sedimentary rocks

Chemical sedimentary rocks, such as rock

salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some dolomites,
and some limestones, form when dissolved
materials precipitate from solution.
Organic sedimentary rocks

Organic sedimentary rocks such as

coal, some dolomites, and some
limestones, form from the
accumulation of plant or animal
debris.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

 Metamorphic rocks have been modified by heat,

pressure, and chemical processes, usually while
buried deep below Earth's surface. Exposure to these
extreme conditions has altered the mineralogy,
texture, and chemical composition of the rocks.
 Metamorphism progresses incrementally from low
grade to high grade.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Metamorphism characterized by;

Growth of new minerals from pre-existing minerals
through recrystallization
Deformation of existing minerals
Change in shape
Change in orientation
Foliated metamorphic rocks

Foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite, schist,

and slate have a layered or banded appearance that is
produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure.
Non-foliated metamorphic rocks

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels, marble,

quartzite, and novaculite do not have a layered or banded
appearance.
 ROCK PROPERTIES

COLOR CRYSTAL ARRANGEMENT

 ROCK PROPERTIES

SIMILARITIES
PARTICLE
HOLES
 ROCK PROPERTIES

LAYERS
REFLECTIVITY LUSTER
 ROCK PROPERTIES

HARDNESS MAGNETIC
Engineering properties of rocks determines geologic, chemical, mechanical,
deformation and technological properties of rocks.
1. Geological Properties
a. Generation time of rocks
b. Generation environment of rocks
c. Lithological properties of rocks
d. Structural properties of rocks
e. Hydrological properties of rocks

2. Chemical properties
 include behavior of melting, weathering and against water with respect the composition
of rocks. It directly influences various engineering works and their projects.
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
3. Physical Properties
 Unit volume weight, density, natural water content, porosity and void ratio,
degree of saturation, permeability, weight water absorption and volumetric water absorption are
physical properties of rocks.

4. Mechanical Properties
 Are characteristics that determine the behavior of rocks under various stresses
a) Compression strength (Uniaxial compressive strength, Schmidt Attractor Test, Point
load
resistance, Disc Shear Index Test)
b) Tensile strength (Direct pull, Indirect pull (Brazilian test))
c) Shear Strength (Triaxial compression test, Direct shear test)
d) Buckling Strength
e) Bending Strength
5. Deformation Properties
 Elastic modulus and Poisson ratio, Rigidity module etc.

6. Technological Properties
 Pierceable, breakable, excavable, interceptable,
polishable, machinable, usable, tunnelable ...
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