INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES

Engine

An engine is motor which

converts chemical energy
into mechanical energy
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES

In a steam power plant, heat transfer requires medium

which limit on the temperature of heat absorption.

In an internal-combustion engine, High temperatures

are internal, and do not involve heat-transfer surfaces.
 Gas Power Cycles
In gas power cycles, the working fluid remains a gas
throughout the entire cycle.
Spark-ignition engines, diesel engines, and
conventional gas turbines are familiar examples
That is, they are internal combustion engines..
 Gas Power Cycles

Working fluid closely resembles air at all times.

Internal combustion engines operate on a mechanical

cycle (the piston returns to its starting position at the
end of each revolution)

Not a complete thermodynamic cycle.

An open cycle.
 AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS

1. The working fluid is air which behaves as an ideal

gas.
2. All the processes are internally reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-
addition process from an external source.
4. The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection
process that restores the working fluid to its initial
state.
Classification of I.C. Engines
The internal combustion engines may be classified in the
following ways:
1. According to the type of fuel used
a) Petrol engines, b) Diesel engines, and c) Gas engines.
2. According to the method of igniting the fuel
a) Spark ignition engines, and b) Compression ignition
engines.
3. According to the number of strokes per cycle
a) Four stroke cycle engines, and b) Two stroke cycle
engines.
4. According to the cycle of operation
a) Otto cycle engines, b) Diesel cycle engines, and c)
Dual cycle engines.
Classification of I.C. Engines
5. According to the speed of the engine
a) Slow speed engines, b) Medium speed engines, and
c) High speed engines.
6. According to the cooling system
a) Air-cooled engines, and b) Water-cooled engines.
7. According to the method of fuel injection
a) Carburettor engines, and b) Air injection engines.
8. According to the number of cylinders
a) Single cylinder engines, and b) Multi-cylinder engines.
 History

• Otto Cycle: Dr. Nicolaus Otto -1876

 History

One of the most important landmarks in engine

design by Nicolaus August Otto in 1876 who is
invented as effective four stroke engine.that's why
it is also called as “Otto cycle engine”.
In 1885,German mechanical engineer,Karl Benz
designed and built the world's first practical
automobile to be powered by an internal-
combustion engine. On January 29,1886.
 History

• 2-Cycle Engine; Du gal Clerk -1878

 History

• Diesel Engine; Dr. Rudolph Diesel -1895

 Four Stroke Engine

Four stroke engine was first demonstrate by

Nikolaus Otto in 1876,hence it is also known
as Otto cycle. It consist of 4 stroke ,one cycle
operation is completed in 4 stroke of the
piston, That is one cycle is completed in every
2 revolutions of the crankshaft. Each stroke
consist of 180°,of crankshaft rotation and
hence a cycle consist of 720°,of crankshaft
rotation.
Terms relating to I.C. Engines

1. Bore – The inside diameter of the cylinder is called bore.

2. Stroke – As the piston reciprocates inside the engine cylinder,
it has got limiting upper and lower positions beyond which it
cannot move and reversal of motion takes place at these limiting
positions. The linear distance along the cylinder axis between
two limiting positions, is called stroke.
3. Top Dead Centre (T.D.C.) – The top most position towards
cover end side of the cylinder is called “top dead centre”. In
case of horizontal engines, this is known as inner dead centre.
4. Bottom Dead Centre – The lowest position of the piston
towards the crank end side of the cylinder is called “bottom
dead centre”. In case of horizontal engines it is called outer
dead centre.
Fig. Terms relating I.C. engines
 Terms relating to I.C. Engines

5. Clearance volume – The volume contained in the cylinder above

the top of the piston, when the piston is at top dead centre, is
called the clearance volume.
6. Swept volume – The volume swept through by the piston in
moving between top dead centre and bottom dead centre, is
called swept volume or piston displacement. Thus, when piston
is at bottom dead centre,

Total volume = swept volume + clearance volume.

Working principle of four Stroke Engine

Following are the four strokes

1 – Intake/Suction stroke
2 – Compression stroke
3 – Expansion stroke
4 – Exhaust stroke
1 – Intake stroke

In suction stroke piston starts at Top Dead

Center (TDC) of the cylinder and moves
to the Bottom Dead Center (BDC).
Outlet valve will be closed and inlet valve
will be open to allowing the fresh charge
of mixed fuel & air into the cylinder.
Pressure inside the cylinder is slightly
below the atm during this stroke
2 – Compression stroke

In compression stroke, Once piston

reaches BDC & moves back TDC,
inlet valve will be closed, As the
piston moves towards TDC, It
compress air fuel mixture inside
the cylinder & compression takes
place, Hence it is called
compression stroke.
3 – Expansion stroke (Power Stroke)

In expansion stroke, Both the

valves are closed, When piston
reaches top of its stroke the fuel
mixture is ignited by spark plug
due to spark high temperature &
pressure generated inside the
cylinder & push down the piston to
BDC, producing a useful work
Hence it is known as expansion
stroke.
4 – Exhaust stroke

In this stroke exhaust valve is opened,

when piston reaches to BDC & moves
to upward.
Piston pushes out the burnt gases to the
atmosphere through the exhaust valve.
Hence called exhaust stroke & the
engine is ready to begin the cycle again.
Pressure inside the cylinder is slightly
above the atm during this stroke.
Parts of an engine
 Various Parts of Engine

• Cylinder Block • Crankshaft

• Cylinder Head • Crankcase
• Inlet valve & • Crank Pin
Exhaust valve • Camshaft
• Piston • Spark plug
• Piston Rings • Fuel pump
• Connecting Rod
• Gudgeon Pin
Cylinder Block

The cylinder block, also called as

engine block is the main bottom
end structure. Usually it is made
up of iron or aluminum.
Function: In the bore of the
cylinder the fresh charge of air-fuel
mixture is ignited, compressed by
piston.
Cylinder Head

The cylinder head is flat plate of

metal bolted to the top of cylinder
block with head gasket in between;
Top of head contains rocker arm &
push rod to transfer rotational
mechanic from the crankshaft to
linear mechanic to operate the
valves. It is the key to performance
of the internal combustion
chamber.
Inlet valve & Exhaust valve

Inlet valve: Its function is to intake

the fresh air-fuel mixture into the
cylinder.

Exhaust valve: Its function is to

exhaust is the burnt gases by the
force of piston.
Piston

Piston is connected to the crankshaft

through the connecting rod, when
piston moves downward sucks fresh
air-fuel mixture in suction stroke &
ignited inside the cylinder due to
this high temperature and pressure
generated, thus expanded gas force
down to piston.
Piston Rings

A piston ring is an open ended ring

that fits into a groove or outer
diameter of the cylinder. Piston
rings have three major functions
1.To seal the expansion chamber,
2. Support heat transfer
3.Regulate the engine oil
consumption.
Connecting Rod & Gudgeon Pin

A small end of connecting rod is

connected to the piston and other
end is connected to the crankshaft.
Its function is to transmit the
reciprocating motion of piston to the
to the rotary motion of crankshaft.
Gudgeon pin is used to connect the
piston & connecting rod.
Crankshaft

Crankshaft is the part of an engine

which translates the reciprocating
linear motion of piston into
rotation. To convert the
reciprocating motion into rotation,
the crankshaft has “crank pin”, It
typically connects to fly wheel, to
reduce the pulsation characteristics
of four stroke cycle.
 Crankshaft

The crank-connecting rod is first fully developed by

Arab inventor Al-Jazari in (1136-1206).Similar
crankshaft late described by Conrad Keyser in
1405.The main function of crankshaft is receives
the oscillating motion from connecting rod and
gives rotary motion to main shaft. It also drives the
camshaft which actuate the valves of the engine.
Camshaft

Camshaft is a part which is used in

piston engine to operate valves. It
consists of cylindrical rod with
cams. The camshaft were invented
in Iraq (Mesopotamia), described
by Al-Jazari in 1206.
 Camshaft

Since valves controls the flow of air-fuel mixture

intake & exhaust burnt gases. Valves must be opened
& closed at appropriate time during the stroke of
piston, For this reason ,the camshaft is connected to
the crankshaft either directly, via a gear mechanism, or
indirectly via belt/chain called a timing belt or timing
chain, the camshaft rotates at the same rate of
crankshaft.
Camshaft
Spark Plug

Spark plug is used in petrol engine

only which is help to ignite the air-
fuel mixture for combustion.
Actual Otto engine cycle on PV Diagram

Intake stroke at essentially constant

pressure, during which a piston
moving outward draws a fuel air
mixture into a cylinder. This is
represented by line 0 ---1

During the second stroke (1 -- 2 --3),

all valves are closed, and the fuel air
mixture is compressed, approximately
adiabatically along line segment 1 -- 2;
the mixture is then ignited, and
combustion occurs so rapidly that the
volume remains nearly constant while
the pressure rises along line segment 2
--3.
Actual Otto engine cycle on PV Diagram

It is during the third stroke (3–4--1) that work is

produced. The high-temperature, high-pressure
products of combustion expand, approximately
adiabatically along line segment 3 -- 4; the exhaust
valve then opens and the pressure falls rapidly at
nearly constant volume along line segment 4 -- 1.
During the fourth or exhaust stroke (line 1 -- 0), the
piston pushes the remaining combustion gases (except
for the contents of the clearance volume) from the
cylinder.
Actual Otto engine cycle on PV Diagram
 Two Stroke Engine

Two stroke engine is first described by Du gal

Clerk in 1878.In two stroke engine one cycle
is completed in every revolution of
crankshaft.
 Working principle of two Stroke Engine

Two stroke engine is widely used employed where

small power required for motor cycle like auto
rickshaw, scooter. This type of engine is compact in
size, easy for manufacturing and simple in operation.
In two stroke engine there are no inlet or exhaust valve
as in four stroke engine.
 Working principle of two Stroke Engine

But only inlet & exhaust ports used ,Due to which

suction & exhaust stroke is eliminated in two stroke
cycle engine.
Compression Stroke

When piston moves from BDC to

TDC, it first closes the transfer
port & then exhaust port, The
charge of air-fuel mixture in the
chamber is pressurised & creates
high temperature.
 Compression Stroke

At the same time, a vacuum is developing in the

crankcase, so the fresh charge of fuel mixture is being
drawn into the crankcase from the carburetor (blend
air fuel mixture). As the piston moves towards TDC, a
high voltage discharge from the spark plug & ignites
the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
Combustion Stroke (Power Stroke)

In this stroke both the ports still

closed condition, the pressure of the
expanding gases forces the piston
towards BDC. the pressure in the
crankcase is already rising. Later in
down stroke exhaust port will be open
& forced out the burnt gases.
 Combustion Stroke (Power Stroke)

Very shortly after that the Inlet / Transfer port will

also open to intake the fresh charge of fuel mixture,
and engine is ready to start of the cycle.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Two Stroke
Engine

Advantages :
• One cycle completed in every revolution of
crankshaft.
• It is more compact,required less space and lighter
in weight than four stroke engine.
• The design & construction is much simpler than
four stroke engine.
• Easy to manufacture & low cost.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Two Stroke Engine

Advantages :
• There is no suction and exhaust valve used, hence
no need of cam, camshaft and rocker arm etc.
• Requires less spare parts.
• Easy for maintenance.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Two Stroke Engine

Disadvantages :
• High fuel consumption.
• Compression ratio and thermal efficiency is less
than that of four stroke engine of the same
dimension.
• Consumes more lubricating oil.
• More wear & tear of moving parts hence it gives
loud noise.
Difference between 4-Stroke Engine & 2-Stroke
Engine

4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine

• One cycle completed • One cycle completed
in every 2 revolution in every revolution of
of crankshaft crankshaft
• More moving parts • Less moving parts
• More maintenance • Less maintenance
• Heavy in weight • Light in weight
• More expensive • Less expensive
Difference between 4-Stroke Engine & 2-Stroke
Engine

4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine

• Produce less • More pollution
pollution
• Long engine life • Short engine life
• Not required • Required a mix of oil
to lubricate the
• Complex design crankshaft
• Simpler design
Thermal Efficiency of Ideal Otto Cycle

The thermal efficiency increases with both the

compression ratio and the specific heat ratio of
working fluid.
For a given compression ratio, the thermal efficiency
of an actual spark-ignition engine is less than that of
an ideal Otto cycle because of the irreversibilities,
such as friction, and other factors such as incomplete
combustion.
Thermal Efficiency of Ideal Otto Cycle

At high compression ratios, auto ignition temperature

approaches.(temperature at which fuel ignites without the help of
spark).
Premature ignition of fuel is called auto ignition, produces an
audible noise called engine knock.
So high compression ratios are not used in spark ignition engines.
Gasoline blend that have good anti-knocking characteristics, such
as gasoline with tetraethyl lead.
This addition is done in 1920’s . Inexpensive method of raising
octane rating, which is the measure of engine knock resistance of
the fuel.
Thermal Efficiency of Ideal Otto Cycle

High Octane Fuels

Mixture of Iso- Butane and heptane, Hexadecane, n-octane are
some example of high octane fuels.
Also, owing to the improvements in other areas (reduction in
overall automobile weight, improved aerodynamic design, etc.),
today’s cars have better fuel economy.

The second parameter affecting the thermal efficiency of an

ideal Otto cycle is the specific heat ratio k. For a given
compression ratio, an ideal Otto cycle using a monatomic gas
(such as argon or helium, k 1.667) as the working fluid will
have the highest thermal efficiency.
Thermal Efficiency of Ideal Otto Cycle

The specific heat ratio k, and

thus the thermal efficiency of
the ideal Otto cycle,
decreases as the molecules
of the working fluid get
larger. At room temperature
it is 1.4 for air, 1.3 for
carbon dioxide, and 1.2 for
ethane. The thermal
efficiencies of actual spark-
ignition engines range from
about 25 to 30 percent.