RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH THEORIES, THINKING FRAMEWORKS

AND HYPOTHESES
Group 4 :

• Kadek Litania Widyantari (1707511041)

• Putu Ananda Pradnya Sanjiwani Wiswara (1707511002)

What is Literature Review?
Literature review contains a description of the theory,
findings and other research materials obtained from
reference materials to serve as the basis for research
activities. The description in the literature review is
directed to develop a clear frame of mind about
problem solving

What is the purpose?

The purpose of conducting a literature
review is to get a theoretical foundation
that can support the solution of the
problem being studied.

The theory obtained is a first step so that

researchers can better understand the
problems being investigated correctly in
accordance with the scientific framework.
The theory has three functions, namely to
explain (explanation), predict (prediction), and
control (control) of a phenomenon

The first theoretical function is used to clarify and

sharpen the scope of research.

The second theoretical function is used to

formulate hypotheses and compile research
instruments.

ThirdAntheoretical function
introduction to the is used to discuss
research
class results, and subsequently is used to
provide follow-up recommendations.
 Theory is a collection of concepts, definitions
and propositions that are systematically
related, which are built to explain and predict
phenomena (reality).

2.2 Description of
Theory
There Are Explain, Predict, and Phenomenon
1. Function explained is to clarify and confirm the
variables to be studied
2. The prediction function is a hypothesis and
compiles research instruments (hypotheses are
predictive).

What is the Function? 3. Control functions are used to discuss the

results of research that will be used in solving
problems and providing recommendations
What is the criteria to choose
reading source?
To choose a reading source, the researcher must
have three criteria, namely relevant, complete, and
current.
1. Relevant intent is the source of the reading must
be in accordance with the problematics and research
variables so that the theory will easily solve the
research problem
2. Complete regarding the number of books or
supporting reading sources. The more complete the
reading material, the easier the researcher will
sharpen the data analysis.

3. The more recent or new source of reading, the

more sophisticated the theoretical basis used by
researchers to solve research problems.
 1.Determine the name of the variable under study and the
2.3 Steps to describe the theory number of variables
2.Look for sources of reading both from a dictionary book
encyclopedia scientific journals thesis research reports
and dissertations as much as possible and relevant to
each variable studied
3.Look at the table of contents for each book and select
topics that are relevant to each variable to be examined

4.Find the definition of each variable to be examined in

each source of reading, compare between one source
with another source and select the definition in
accordance with the research to be conducted
5.Read the entire contents of the book topic in accordance
withAn
theintroduction tostudied,
variables to be the do a contemplative
class
analysis
6.Describe the theories that have been read from various
sources into written form with their own language
 2.4 Thinking Framework
Thinking frameworks are conceptual models of how
theories relate to various factors that have been
identified as important problems.

How a good estimated framework ?

a. The variables to be examined must be described

b. Frame of mind must be able to show and explain

the relationship between the variables studied and
the theories that underlie it

c. The form of the relationship between variables

must be confirmed whether positive or negative,
symmetrical, causal, or reciprocal

d. Preferably, the frame of mind needs to be arranged

into a picture frame of mind so that each individual
can understand the relationship between research
5. Steps of Thinking Framework
The process of thinking framework for formulating hypotheses requires 6 (six) steps (Sugiyono, 2000) as follows :

1. Determine the variables studied

2. Read books and research results

3. Explain the theory and research results

4. Critical analysis of the theory and research results

5. Comparative analysis of theory and research results

6. Synthesis or conclusion
Sekaran (1996) states, a good frame of mind contains the following things.

• Variables to be examined must be explained

• Discussion in the framework of thinking must be able to show and explain the interrelationships or relationships
between the variables studied and or the underlying theory.

• Discussion must also be able to show and explain whether the relationship between variables is positive or negative,
symmetrical, causal or reciprocal

• Thinking framework needs to be stated in diagram form (research paradigm), so that other parties can understand the
mindset expressed in research.
 Hypotesis
Original hypothesis from the word hypo and thesis. Hipo means doubt, whereas thesis
means truth. Thus the hypothesis means that the truth is still in doubt. This means that Statistical Hypothesis
If the research works with a
the hypothesis will be rejected if the empirical data in the research rejects it, and vice sample
versa is accepted if the empirical facts in the research justify it.

Hypothesis can be used as a guiding direction so that research can be directed.

However, not all research requires a hypothesis. Explorative research and often
Research Hypothesis
descriptive research do not need to formulate hypotheses. Research that formulates Is a temporary answer to a
hypotheses is quantitative research. In qualitative research does not formulate a research problem

hypothesis, but just find a hypothesis.

Hypotheses are distinguished between research hypotheses and statistical hypotheses.

6. Forms of Hypotheses
Descriptive Hypotheses
Related to the research problem formulation based
on the level of exploration, namely the formulation of
the problem in the form of descriptive, comparative Comparative Hypotheses
or associative problems, the hypotheses are divided
into three forms namely descriptive hypotheses,
comparative hypotheses and associative hypotheses. Associative Hypotheses
Forms of Hypotheses
1 Descriptive Hypotheses
Descriptive hypothesis is a
temporary answer to the
problem of descriptive research.
Example
Zero hypothesis: endurance of
incandescent brand X equals
600 hours
Alternative hypothesis:
endurance of incandescent
brand X ≠ 600 hours
2 Comparative Hypotheses
Comparative hypothesis is a
temporary answer to the
formulation of the comparative
research problem
Example :
Hypothesis zero: There is no
difference in work productivity
between PT X and PT Y
employees
3 Associative Hypotheses
The associative hypothesis is a
temporary answer to the
problem of associative research.
Example :
Research Hypothesis: There is a
positive and significant
relationship between incentives
and employee work
performance.
Statistical Hypothesis:
Ho: р = 0 means there is no
relationship
Ha: p ≠ 0 means there is a
relationship because it is not
equal to zero. The relationship
can be positive or negative.
7. Singh (1986) suggested several characteristics of a good
hypothesis formulation, namely:

1. The hypothesis must be clearly and concisely formulated based on the operational definition that has
been formulated.

2. Hypotheses should be related to facts and theories.

3. Hypotheses must be testable, meaning that they enable researchers to collect data to test the truth of
hypotheses.

4. The hypothesis should be the linking of two or more variables expressed in a declarative sentence.

5. Hypotheses must be linked to scientific tools and techniques that can be obtained.
Disscussion Session