End of Life of Products

Importance of Mechanical
Properties
 Why do products come to an
end of life?
• Failure: Ductile, brittle, fatigue, others

• Degradation: Mechanical wear, corrosion

 Brittle Fracture
• Occurs at stresses below yield stress
due to several reasons causing
embrittlement; e.g ductile-brittle transition,
hydrogen embrittlement, poor fracture
toughness, etc.
• It has specific features.
• Impact toughnes and fracture toughness
of materials are the most important
properties.
http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/1925-1950/tipper3.html
Brittle Fracture
Brittle Fracture

http://my-bankruptcy-help.com/?b=Fracture
Brittle Fracture

http://met-tech.com/fractured-input-shaft.html
Brittle Fracture

http://met-tech.com/fractured-input-shaft.html
Brittle Fracture

http://met-tech.com/fractured-input-shaft.html
Brittle Fracture

http://met-tech.com/fractured-input-shaft.html
Brittle Fracture

http://met-tech.com/fractured-input-shaft.html
Brittle Fracture

http://met-tech.com/cnc.html
Brittle Fracture

http://met-tech.com/cnc.html
 Ductile Fracture
• Occurs at stresses above yield stress If
the area carrying the load is caused to
decrease leading to increase in stress
above the yield stress for which the
material was originally designed.
• It has specific features.
• Yield strength properties of materials are
the most significant.

http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/1925-1950/tipper3.html
 Ductile fracture

http://www.practicalmachinist.com/vb/deckel-maho-aciera-abene-mills/does-d4-alarm-if-drawbar-loses-grip-109929/
 Ductile fracture

http://pwatlas.mt.umist.ac.uk/internetmicroscope/micrographs/failure/ductile-steel.html
Ductile fracture

http://my-bankruptcy-help.com/?b=Fracture
 Wear of parts
• Happens to parts undergoing continual
abrasion, adhesion or erosion due to
external or internal factors in the system.
• Different types and different mechanisms.
• Measured by wear rate and controlled by
lubricants, design of material, surface
treatment.
• Hardness of material is most important.
 Wear failure

Worn surface on the inner race. A groove developed in the path of the rollers.

http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/1654/lubricate-gearbox
 Wear failure

Here you can see there is a groove worn into the surface.

dieseltruckresource.com
 Corrosion
• Corrosion: Deterioration of a metal
resulting from chemical attack by its
environment.
• Rate of corrosion depends upon
temperature and concentration of
reactants and products.
 Grain – Grain boundary
Electrochemical cells
• Grain boundaries are more anodic and hence get
corroded by electrochemical attack.
• Grain boundaries are at higher energy.
• Impurities migrate to grain boundaries.
• Solute segregation might cause grain boundaries to
become more cathodic. Grain boundary
Grain boundary (cathode)
Grain
Boundary (anode) anode

13-11 Cartridge Brass

 Multiple Phase Electrochemical
• In multiple alloys, oneCells
phase is more anodic than
another.
• Corrosion rates are higher in multiphase alloys.
• Example: In pearlite gray cast iron, graphite flake is
cathodic than surrounding pearlite matrix.
 Anodic pearlite corrodes
• Steel, in martensitic condition
(single phase) after quenching
from austenitic condition, has
better corrosion resistance.
Figure 12.10
• Impurities in metals leads to precipitation of
intermetallic phases and hence forms anodic and
cathodic regions leading to corrosion.
13-12
 Corrosion Failure

Example of salt water corrosion on cast iron metal surface

metallurgist.com
Corrosion Failure

lrcorrosion.com