INVESTMENT MATERIALS

DR. NIMISHA RAMESH

DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS,CROWN AND BRIDGE
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• DEFINITIONS
• IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
• SHRINKAGE COMPENSATION
• SETTING EXPANSION
• HYGROSCOPIC EXPANSION
• WAX PATTERN EXPANSION
• THERMAL EXPANSION
• TYPES OF INVESTMENT MATERIALS
• COMPOSITION IN GENERAL
• GYPSUM BONDED INVESTMENT
• PHOSPHATE BONDED INVESTMENT
• ETHYL SILICATE BONDED INVESTMENT
• OTHER INVESTMENT MATERIALS
• TECNIQUE
• CASTING DEFECTS
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION

The principal laboratory method used to form metal inlays, onlays,

crowns and bridges is to cast molten alloys by centrifugal force,under
pressure or under vaccum and pressure, into a mold cavity.
HISTORY
• In approximately 500 BC , the Etruscans produced bridges made of

soldered gold bands.

• The most ancient dental prosthesis fabricated from gold wire was
found in Egypt and dated as far back as 2500 BC.

• Copper was cast in Mesopotamia about 3000 BC.

• The oldest dental castings were gold inlays found in teeth from the
natives of Ecuador in about first century AD.
• In 11th century AD Theophillus described lost wax technique,which
was a common practice in dentistry.

• The renaissance craftsman and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini (1500-

1571) in his autobiography described his method of casting in both
gold and bronze by coating his finely detailed wax model with a
reinforced refractory shell.
• In 1558 B Cellini attempted use of wax and clay for preparation of
castings.

• In 1898 Dr. Philbrook demonstrated the 1st cast gold inlay in the Dental
society.

• In 1903 Lentz cast occlusal surfaces to the banded gold crowns by lost
wax method of mold formation but apparently did not apply his
technique to fabrication of gold inlays.
• In 1901 Van Horn introduced a different method of compensation
recommending that the wax pattern be invested at a temperature equal
to mouth temperature.

• In 1907 lost wax technique was introduced by W.H. Taggart.

• In 1928 the low heat casting technique was finally abandoned when
Coleman published his research paper no. 32 for the United States
National bureau of Standards in which he demonstrated the great
shrinkage which occurred when investment is cooled after heating.
• In 1929 Weinstein found that adding boric to customary investing
materials reduced shrinkage.

• Sweeney,Paftenbarger (1930-1933) studied the use of cristobalite as a

refractory in dental casting investment and found that a cristobalite
based investment (75 % cristobalite and 25% plaster ) heated to
temperatures between 400֯ C and 800֯ C produced dimensionally
accurate castings.
• In 1934 classification of gold based casting alloys.

• In 1937 Goldberg recommended the use of the wax with 0.1%

contraction for direct technique and the wax with 0.38% contraction
for the patterns made on a die at room temperature in the indirect
technique.

• In 1942 Sonder recognized thermal expansion of investment was

greately inhibited by the rigid metal casting ring – advocated lining
with soft asbestos.
• In 1945 George D Estes introduced vaccum investing technique to
prevent formation of air bubbles on the surface of the wax.

• In 1949 Moore and Walt developed phosphate bonded investment.

• In 1950 development of resin veneers for gold alloys.

• In 1959 Asgar and Peyton stated that flaring should occur at the
sprue/wax pattern junction.
• In 1959 Morrison and Warmick reported the findings of ethyl silicate
refractory material for dental use.

• In 1968 palladium based alloy alternatives for gold.

• In 1971 nickel based alloy alternatives for gold.

• Moore in 1993 discovered by the addition of chlorides to investments
he could obtain a thermal expansion of as much as 1.1% from quartz
based investment.
DENTAL CASTING INVESTMENT
A material consisting principally of an allotrope of slilica and a bonding
agent. The bonding substance may be gypsum ( for use in lower casting
temperature) or phosphates and silica ( for use in higher casting
temperatures) .

GPT-9
INVESTING
The process of converting or enveloping, wholly or in part, an object
such as denture, tooth, wax form, crown, etc. with a suitable investment
material before processing, soldering or casting.

GPT-9
INVESTING
Surrounding the wax pattern with a material that can accurately
duplicate its shape and anatomic features.

-Shillinberg
According to Craig,
An investment can be described as a ceramic material that is suitable
for forming a mold into which a metal or alloy is cast.

The operation of forming a mold

is described as investing.
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS

Easily manipulated

Sufficient strength at room temperature

Stability at higher temperature Smooth surface

Porous
Sufficient thermal expansion
Ease of divestment

Beneficial casting temperatures

inexpensive
SHRINKAGE COMPENSATION
If mold is not made correspondingly larger than the original wax
pattern, the resultant casting will be that much smaller.

Four mechanisms that play a role in producing expanded mold;

 Setting expansion of the investment.

 Hygroscopic expansion

 Wax pattern expansion.

 Thermal expansion.
SETTING EXPANSION
Occurs as a result of normal crystal growth.
Enhanced by silica particles in investment

Expansion in air normally about 0.4%.

Expansion partially restricted by metal investment ring.

 HYGROSCOPIC EXPANSION

Investment is allowed to set in presence of water.

The maximum expansion could be achieved

by immersing an investment-filled ring in

a 100֯ F water bath.

Ranges from 1.2% to 2.2%.

More expansion by adding measured amount of water to investment.

WAX PATTERN EXPANSION
Occurs when the wax pattern is warmed above the temperature at
which it was formed.

Heat from the chemical reaction of investment or from a water bath in

which ring is immersed.

After the investment filled ring is removed from 100֯ F water bath, the
ring is heated to only 900֯ F before casting to produce the additional
expansion needed.
THERMAL EXPANSION

Occurs when the investment is heated in burnout oven.

Heating of the mold eliminates the wax pattern and prevents alloy
from solidifying before it completely fills the mold.
TYPES
TYPE OF INVESTMENT MELTING RANGE OF USE
ALLOY

GYPSUM BONDED ( ADA NO.2) BELOW 1,975֯F OR CASTING OF GOLD ALLOY INLAYS,
1080֯C. ONLAYS, CROWNS AND FIXED
PARTIAL DENTURES.
Classified based on the type of
appliance to be fabricated (
removable or fixed) & on the
method of obtaining shrinkage)
METHOD OF OBTAINING
SHRINKAGE

Casting of inlays or crowns.

Thermal expansion
 TYPE I INVESTMENT
Hygroscopic expansion Casting of inlays,crowns or onlays.
 TYPE II INVESTMENT
 TYPE III INVESTMENT Partial dentures with gold alloys
 PHOSPHATE BONDED HIGHER FUSING ALLOYS COPINGS , FRAMEWORKS FOR
INVESTMENT METAL CERAMIC PROSTHESIS.
 ADA specification no:42
 Classified into:
1. Type I INLAYS,CROWNS,FIXED
RESTORATIONS.

2. Type II PARTIAL DENTURES,OTHER

CAST REMOVABLE
RESTORATIONS.

 ETHYL SILICATE – BONDED CASTING OF REMOVABLE

INVESTMENT PARTIAL DENTURES WITH
 ADA Specification no:93 BASE METAL ALLOY( COBALT-
BASED OR NICKEL-BASED
ALLOY).

1. Type I Gypsum bonded dental brazing

investment.

2. Type II Phosphate bonded brazing

investment
On the basis of type of silica principally employed:
• Quartz investments.
• Crystobalite investments.
COMPOSITION

In general investment material consist of three distinct types of

materials:

 Refractory material

 Binder material

 modifiers
REFRACTORY MATERIAL

• Material capable of sustaining exposure to high temperature without

significant degradation.

• SILICA (silicon dioxide) is used as refractory material and to regulate

thermal expansion.
• Available in four allotropic forms:

Quartz

Tridymite quartz tridymite

Cristobalite

Fused quartz
• Quartz,crystobalite or combination of two forms is used in dental
investment.

• Fused quartz is amorphous and glasslike.

• It exhibits no inversion at any temperature below its fusion point.

• It has extremely low linear coefficient of thermal expansion.

• Little use in dental investments.

BINDER

• Holds the ingredients together.

• Provides rigidity.

• Strength of investment depends on the amount of binder present.

• Commonly used binder α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate.

• Phosphate and ethyl silicate serves as binder for high temperature

casting investments.
CHEMICAL MODIFIERS

• Colouring matter and reducing agents such as carbon and powdered copper.

• Reducing agents used to provide non oxidizing atmosphere in the mold.

• Boric acid and sodium chloride regulates the setting expansion,setting time
and prevents shrinkage of gypsum when heated above 300֯ C

• Balancing agents also used.

GYPSUM BONDED INVESTMENT

• Used for casting gold alloys.

• Withstand temperature not more than 700֯ C.

• Relatively fragile.
• Molds are placed in furnace at room temperature , slowly heated to 650֯
C to 700֯ C in 60 min and held for 15 to 30 min at the upper
temperature.
• Investment decomposition and alloy contamination is related to a
chemical reaction between the residual carbon and calcium sulfate
binder.

• Reduction of calcium sulfate by carbon takes place rapidly above

700֯ C in accordance with following reactions:

CaSO4 + 4C Cas + 4CO

3CaSO4 + CaS 4CaO + 4SO2

CLASSIFICATION

• According to ANSI/ADA specification No.2 casting investments for

dental gold alloys,there are 3 types:
TYPE ALLOY CASTING SHRINKAGE USE
COMPENSATION

TYPE I Thermal expansion Casting of inlays or crowns

TYPE II Hygroscopic expansion Casting inlays,onlays,crowns

TYPE III Partial dentures with gold

alloys.
COMPOSITION
REFRACTORY MATERIAL
oCrystalline polymorphs of silica.
o65-75%.
oRefractory component during heating of investment
oRegulate the thermal expansion.
oEach form of silica exist in two phases:
o low temperature phase or alpha phase.
oHigh temperature phase or beta phase.
oOn heating the change between two phases is rapid and readily
reversible on cooling. This change is known as high-low inversion.
• Density decreases as the α form changes to β form, with increase in
volume that is exhibited by rapid increase in the linear expansion.
BINDER

oAlpha hemihydrate form of gypsum.

o30-35%.
oUsed as binder for investments used
in casting gold containing alloys
with melting ranges below 1000֯ C.
MODIFIER

• Reducing agents.

• Coloring matter.

• Modifying chemicals.
• Reducing agents are used in investments to provide a non oxidizing
atmosphere in the mold cavity.

• They reduce any metal oxides formed in the mold when the alloy
enters it.

• Copper
• Modifying chemicals regulate the setting expansion and thermal
expansion.

• Prevents shrinkage of gypsum when heated above 300֯ C.

• They act by reducing the two large contractions of gypsum binder on

heating to temperatures above 300֯ C.

• Boric acid,soluble salts of alkali or alkaline earth metals.

SETTING TIME

• According to ANSI/ADA Specification No.2 for dental investments,

Setting time should not be shorter than 5 min or longer than 25 min.

Modern inlay investments set initially in 9 to 18 min.

Sufficient time should be allowed for mixing and investing the pattern
before the investment sets.
SETTING REACTION
Dissolution of calcium sulfate hemihydrate

Formation of saturated solution of calcium sulfate

Aggregation of calcium sulfate dihydrate

Precipitation of dihydrate crystals

The crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate occurs while most of the

remaining hemihydrate particles dissolve.
SETTING EXPANSION
• Setting expansion is of three types:
Normal setting expansion.
Hygroscopic setting expansion.
Thermal expansion.

The purpose of setting expansion is to aid in enlarging the mold to

compensate partially for the casting shrinkage of the gold.
 NORMAL SETTING EXPANSION
• Measured as a linear dimensional change that occurs as the investment sets.
• Silica particles results in greater setting expansion.

silica particles interfere with the intermeshing

and interlocking of crystals

resulting in outward thrust of crystals

resulting in expansion
• ANSI/ADA Specification No.2 ,

Type I dental investments:

Permits a maximum setting expansion in air of only 0.6%.

Setting expansion of modern investments is approximately 0.4%,

Regulated by retarders and accelerators.

Aids in expansion of mold to compensate partially for the casting

shrinkage of gold.
HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION

• Occurs when the gypsum product is allowed to set when placed in

contact with water.

• One of the methods of expanding the casting mold to compensate for

casting shrinkage.

• The hygroscopic setting expansion may be 6 or more times greater

than the normal setting expansion of a dental investment.
• The water is drawn between the refractory particles by the capillary
action and thus causes the particles to separate creating an expansion.

• The investment must be immersed in water before the initial set is

complete.
• ANSI/ADA specification No.2 for,
Type II investments requires minimum setting expansion in water of
1.2%
Maximum expansion permitted is 2.2%.
FACTORS AFFECTING HYGROSCOPIC SETTING
EXPANSION
EFFECT OF COMPOSTION

Finer the particle size of silica more the expansion.

Higher the silica content greater the expansion.

EFFECT OF W/P RATIO

Higher the water powder ratio of original investment water mixture,

less is the hygroscopic setting expansion.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

Higher the temperature of immersion water, less is the surface tension

and hence greater is the expansion.

EFFECT OF TIME OF IMMERSION

Immersion before the initial set causes greater expansion.

EFFECT OF SPATULATION

Shorter the mixing time the less is the hygroscopic expansion.

EFFECT OF SHELF LIFE OF INVESTMENT

The older the investment, the less is the hygroscopic expansion.

EFFECT OF CONFINEMENT

Both the normal and hygroscopic setting expansions are confined by

the opposing forces, such as the walls of the container in which the
investment is poured or the walls of a wax pattern.
THERMAL EXPANSION

• The thermal expansion of the gypsum bonded investment is directly

related to the amount of silica present and the type of silica employed.

• When the silica is subjected to high temperature a phase

transformation occurs in silica,producing a slightly different atomic
configuration ,which is accompanied by expansion.
• The amount of thermal expansion depends on the allotropic form of silica
used, for example thermal expansion of crystobalite is greater than that of
quartz.
• Type I investments should have thermal expansion of not less than 1%
and not greater than 1.6%.

• Type II investments should have a thermal expansion ranging from 0-

0.6%.

• Maximum thermal expansion should be attained at temperature not

higher than 700֯ C.
FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL EXPANSION

EFFECT OF W/P RATIO

The magnitude of thermal expansion is related to the amount of solids
present , therefore more the water used in mixing the investment the
less the thermal expansion achieved during subsequent heating.
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL MODIFIERS
As the weakening effect of silica is too great, therefore certain modifiers
are added to eliminate the contraction caused by gypsum and increase the
expansion without the presence of excessive amount of silica.

Silicas do not prevent gypsum shrinkage but counterbalance it, whereas

modifiers actually reduce gypsum shrinkage.
• Modifiers added are:

Sodium,potassium,lithium chloride.
Boric acid.

Although boric acid decreases contraction and hardens the investment,

it disintegrates during the heating of investment and may result in
roughened surface on casting.
 STRENGTH- maximum stress required to fracture a structure.

 According to ADA specification No.2 ,

The compressive strength of gypsum bonded investment should not be

less than 2.4 Mpa.

The strength of the investment is affected by the water/powder ratio,

more the water that is employed in mixing, the lower the compressive

strength.
FINENESS

• Affects setting time,the surface roughness of the casting.

• Although fine silica results in higher hygroscopic expansion than

coarser silica. A fine particle is preferable because finer the investment
smaller the surface irregularities.
POROSITY

• To a certain extend investment material should be porous.

• During the casting process as the molten metal enters the mold, the air
must be forced ahead of it.

• If air is not completely eliminated a backpressure builts to prevent the

gold alloy from completely filling the mold resulting in void
formation.
• The common method for venting the mold is through the pores of the
investment.

• More the gypsum crystals in the set investment less its porosity.

• The more uniform the particle size the greater the porosity.

• A mixture of coarse and fine particles exhibit less porosity than

investment composed of uniform particle size.
STORAGE

• Investments should be stored in airtight and moisture proof containers.

• Advisable to purchase prepackaged investments in relatively small
quantities.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

• Gypsum bonded investments cannot withstand temperatures greater

than 700֯ C.
• Heating above 700֯ C results in shrinkage with liberation of :
CaSO4+ SiO2 CaSiO3 + SO3
CaSO4 + 4C CaS + 4CO
3CaSO4 + CaS 4CaO + 4SO2
• This decomposition does not cause shrinkage but also contaminates
the casting with the sulfides of the non noble alloying elements.

• So gypsum should not be heated above 700֯ C.

• As it is gypsum bonded material it is not recommended for high fusing
alloys used for metal ceramic restoration.

• Divestment phosphate is a phosphate bonded investment used for high

fusing alloys.
PHOSPHATE BONDED INVESTMENT

• Rapid growth in use of metal-ceramic and hot- pressed ceramic

prostheses resulted in increased use of this investment material.

• Major use of investment is for casting alloys that need to be heated to

casting temperatures in excess of about 1200֯ C to 1300֯ C.
• The usual burnout temperature for phosphate bonded investments
range from 750֯ C to 1030֯ C.

• The heating rate is usually slow to 315֯ C and quite rapid thereafter
reaching completion after a hold at the upper temperature for 30 min.
COMPOSITION
• Phosphate bonded investment materials are available as two
component system:
Powder
Liquid
Powder consist of :-
• Refractory fillers
• Binders
• Carbon
Liquid consist of:-
• Colloidal silica
• Water
REFRACTORY FILLERS

• Silica in the form of cristoballite,quartz or a mixture of the two

• 80%

• Provides high-temperature thermal shock resistance(refractoriness) and

high thermal expansion.
BINDER
• Magnesium oxide: 3-5%

• Mono ammonium phosphate: 7-10%

• Originally phosphoric acid was used, now monoammonium phosphate
has replaced it as it can be incorporated into the investment powder.

CARBON

• Added to produce clean castings and facilitate the divesting of casting

from the mold.

• Used only when the casting alloy is gold.

• Not used with Ag-palladium alloys or base metal alloys as:

Carbon embrittles the alloys,even though the investment is heated to

temperatures that burn out carbon.

Palladium reacts with carbon at temperatures above 1504֯ C.

SETTING REACTION
• Chemical reaction that causes the investment to set is:

NH4H2PO4 + MgO + 5H2O NH4MgPO4.6H2O

• Thus predominantly colloidal multimolecular magnesium ammonium

phosphate aggregate around excess of MgO and fillers is formed .

• The final product are crystalline Mg2P2O7 and some excess MgO
along with unchanged quartz , crstoballine or both.
SETTING AND THERMAL EXPANSION

• Depends on the :

Type of liquid used

Concentration of liquid used

TYPE OF LIQUID USED
Phosphate bonded investments show slight expansion rather than
shrinkage because of the presence of colloidal silica as liquid which
results in increased concentration of silica leading to expansion.
CONCENTRATION OF LIQUID
PROPERITIES

oCOMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

• Type I : 2.5 mpa

• Type II : 3 mpa

oTHERMAL EXPANSION

• 0.8 % when 50:50 mixture of liquid and water.

Working and setting time
 Temperature

• Warmer the mix faster it sets.

• The setting reaction liberates heat and further accelerates rate of

setting.

 Mixing time

• Increased mixing time and mixing efficiency results in faster setting.

• Mechanical mixing under vaccum is preferred.

 Liquid/powder ratio
• An increase in L/P ratio increases working time which can be very
short (2 min or less) when the investment is mixed at the
manufacturer’s recommended L/P ratio , at high speed (1750 rpm) for
recommended time , and if the laboratory is warm and the liquid is not
chilled.
• ADVANTAGES
Posses high fired strength.

Provide high setting and thermal expansion.

They can withstand the burnout process (1-1.5 hrs) with temperature
more than 900֯ C.
• DISADVANTAGES

When used with alloys with casting temperature greater than 1375֯ C
result in mold breakdown and rougher surfaces on casting.

Although high strength of these investments is an advantage during

casting , but can make divesting a difficult and tedious task.
ETHYL SILICATE-BONDED INVESTMENT

• They are used for high fusing base metal partial dentures.

• This type of investment can be heated between 1090֯ C and 1180֯ C.

• It can be used with higher fusing alloys.

• Its low setting expansion minimizes distortion.

COMPOSITION

oRefractory material – silica.

oBinder – silica gel.

oSilica gel reverts to silica(cristobalite) on heating.

• Formation of silica gel:

When the pH of sodium silicate is lowered by the addition of an acid or

an acid salt, a bonding silicic acid gel forms.

The addition of magnesium oxide strengthens the gel.

An aqueous suspension of colloidal silica can also be converted to gel by

addition of accelerator, ammonium chloride.
Another system for binder formation is based on ethyl silicate.

A colloidal silicic acid is first formed by hydrolyzing ethyl silicate in

the presence of hydrochloric acid , ethyl alcohol and water.

Si(OC2H5)4 + 4H2O Si(OH)4 + 4C2H5OH

The sol is then mixed with the quartz or crystoballite, to which is
added a small amount of finely powdered magnesium oxide to render
the mixture alkaline.

A coherent gel of polysilicic acid then forms accompanied by setting

shrinkage.

This soft gel is dried at room temperature below 168֯C (334֯ F).
During the drying process, the gel loses alcohol and water to form a
concentrated, hard gel.

A volumetric contraction accompanies the drying, which reduces the

size of the mold.

This contraction is known as green shrinkage and it occurs in addition

to setting shrinkage.
• Faster method for formation of silica gel is by the addition of amines
to the solution of ethyl silicate so that hydrolysis and gelation occur
simultaneously.

• An acceptable shrinkage occurs at the stage of hydrolysis.

• It is supplied as powder and liquid or two liquids.

• If supplied as powder and liquid :

Powder consist of refractory particles of silica and glasses along with

the calcinated magnesium oxide and some other refractory oxides in
minor amounts.

Liquid contains stabilized alcohol solution of silica gel.

• If supplied as two liquids:

One is ethyl silicate.

Certain types of amines are added for hydrolysis and gelation to occur
simultaneously.

Other is acidified solution of denatured alcohol.

• MANIPULATION

The powder is added to the hydrolyzed ethyl silicate liquid , mixed

quickly and vibrated into a mold that has an extra collar to increase the
height.

The mold is placed on the platform of a special type of vibrator.

This allows the heavier particles to settle quickly while the excess
liquid and some of fine particles rise to top.

In about 30 mints the accelerator in the powder hardens the settled
part is greatly reduced and setting shrinkage is reduced to 0.1%.
ADVANTAGES

Final set mass is crystobalite . Hence it can withstand temperature

even beyond 1150֯ C.

High strength.
DISADVANTAGES

Non porous material.

Complicated manipulation.

Cannot be used for titanium and its alloys as silica can oxidise titanium or
its alloy easily.
Casting defects related to investment material

DEFECT CAUSE PREVENTION

ROUGH SURFACE BREAKDOWN OF DON’T OVERHEAT

INVESTMENT MOLD/ALLOY

WEAK SURFACE OF AVOID USE OF HIGH W/P

INVESTMENT RATIO
AVOID DILUTION OF
INVESTMENT MATERIAL BY
TOO MUCH APPLICATION OF
WETTING AGENT
FINS CRACKING OF INVESTMENT AVOID TOO RAPID HEATING
OF INVESTMENT
DEFECT CAUSE PREVENTION

CASTING TOO LARGE EXCESSIVE MOLD EXPANSION USE CORRECT TEMPERATURE

USE CORRECT INVESTMENT
MATERIAL

CASTING TOO SMALL TOO LITTLE MOLD EXPANSION HEAT THE MOLD
SUFFICIENTLY
DEFECT CAUSE SOLUTION

IRREGULAR VOIDS INCLUSION OF PARTICLES OF HEAT MOLD UPSIDE DOWN SO

INVESTMENT MATERIAL THAT PARTICLES FALL OUT OF
MOLD.

ROUNDED MARGINS; BACK-PRESSURE EFFECT; • USE SUFFICIENT CASTING

REGULAR LARGE VOIDS AIR UNABLE TO ESCAPE FORCE
FROM MOLD. • USE INVESTMENT OF
ADEQUATE PERMEABILITY
• AVOID PRESENCE OF
RESIDUE OF WAX IN MOLD.
OTHER INVESTMENT MATERIALS

• SOLDERING INVESTMENTS
• Removable partial denture frame works and long span fixed dental
prosthesis cast in separate parts and then soldered or brazed.

• Usually gypsum or phosphate bonded investments are used.

 DIE – STONE INVESTMENT COMBINATION
• Die material and investing medium with a comparable composition.

• A commercial gypsum-bonded material called divestment is mixed with

colloidal silica liquid.

• The die is made from this mix and the wax pattern is then constructed
on it.

• Then the entire assembly(die and pattern ) is invested in a mixture of

divestment and water.

• Setting expansion is 0.9%.

• INVESTMENT MATERIAL FOR CERAMIC
• Casting of ceramic crowns using castable glasses is done in refractory
molds.

• In the hot pressing ceramic techniques the molten ceramics are hot
pressed into the ceramic mold by pressure using piston-pressure pump
type equipments.
• INVESTMENT MATERIAL FOR TITANIUM ALLOYS.
• PHOSPHATE BONDED/ALUMINOUS CEMENT BONDED.
TECHNIQUE
SUMMARY

• Depending on the type of prosthesis to be fabricated, the investment

material need to be selected accordingly.
REFERENCES
THANKYOU