Made by:

• Mititelu Dan Vladut

• Lucaciuc Lucian

Nelson Mandela
1918-2013

From a leader to a legend..

 The leader is a man who
comes closest to realizing the
norms of a group that values
the highest; this conformity
gives him his high rank,
which attracts people and
implies the right to assume
control of the group.
(Homans, 1950).
• Nelson Mandela was the first democratically elected President of South Africa.
• He was the leader and the face of the Anti-*Apartheid movement and all
through his life, he insistently fought against cultural discrimination.
• His determination, focus and will-power were remarkable that even after
serving almost 30 years in jail, he got out and worked again for what was right.
• He came out as a hero and led the country into a free, equal future.

*Apartheid (South African English: /əˈpɑːrteɪd/segregation; lit. "separateness") was a system of institutionalised racial
segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an
authoritarian political culture based on white supremacy( baasskap), which encouraged state repression
of Black African, Coloured, and Asian South Africans for the benefit of the nation's minority white
population.
 South Africa and Apartheid movement
• Apartheid was adopted as a formal policy by the South African government
after the election of the National Party (NP) at the 1948 general election.
• The first apartheid law was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949,
followed closely by the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, which made it
illegal for most South African citizens to marry or pursue sexual
relationships across racial lines. The Population Registration Act, 1950
classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on
appearance, known ancestry, socioeconomic status, and cultural lifestyle:
"Black", "White", "Coloured", and "Indian", the last two of which included
several sub-classifications
From 1960–1983, 3.5 million Non-White South Africans were
removed from their homes and forced into segregated
neighbourhoods, in one of the largest mass evictions in
modern history. Most of these targeted removals were
intended to restrict the Black population to ten designated
"tribal homelands", also known as bantustans, four of which
became nominally independent states. The government
announced that relocated persons would lose their South
African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans.
Here are some measures against black population:

• Black people had to live

,,apart’’ in separate areas.
• Black people couldn’t vote
Here are some measures against black population:

• They had to carry a passbook

• The passbook took away
people’s freedom to move
around
• The black people were treated
differently
Here are some measures against black population:

• They could only hold certain

jobs
• Mistreted by the gouvernment
 Nelson Mandela and ANC
• Nelson Mandela was born in July 18,1918 in in Mvezo, Umtata (now Mthatha),
Transkei, South Africa.
• His given name was Rolihlahla, a Xhosa name meaning pulling the branch of a tree
or informally, troublemaker. He was a member of the Thembu royal family. On his
first day of school, he was given the name Nelson by his teacher Miss Mdingane.
Giving children in Africa english names was a custom among africans during that
period.
• His first Bachelor degree was from the University Of South Africa (UNISA)
through correspondence in 1941 and later in 1942 he pursued his law degree at the
University of Witwatersrand. By 1948 he failed his LLB (law degree) examination;
and decided to practice as an attorney.
• As a student Mandela got involved in the political opposition wich struggled for equals rights for the black
majority
• In 1944 he joined the African National Congress(ANC) and two years later he founded the Youth League of
ANC(ANCYL)
• He was soon a high-ranked leader of the group and frequently subject to detention, police harassments, and
banning.
• He wanted to free South Africa without violence, but the government started killing and hurting protesters.
• Mandela demanded:
→ the preservation of full citizenship for everyone
→ direct representation of all South-Africans in Parliament
→ the right of trade unions, education and culture for everyone
→ compulsory school attendance for everybody
• 1952: Mandela, who had become the president of the ANC and ANCYL, travelled through the country to call
upon the population to protest. Because of this Defiance Campaign he received a nine months suspended
sentence with probation
• When people complained they were treated brutally and even killed.
Sharpeville 1960
69
protestors
were killed
• In 1960 the ANC become outlowed and Nelson Mandela co-founded and became the first leader
of Spear of the Nation (,,Umkhonto we Sizwe’’)also known as MK, a new armed wing of the
ANC.
• In 1962 Mandela was sentenced for five years of imprisonment for travel without valid travel
documents whilst leaving South Africa and inciting Africans to strike. Two years later during his
detension in 1964, was charged with treason and sentenced him to life imprisonment for giving a
four-and-a-half hours of speech criticizing apartheid which is memorable.
• Living in a prison had the same meaning as living in the worst place in South Africa: Robben
Island. ANC prisoners earned “D” classifications, prisoners who were the most dangerous and had
the least rights. Being the leader of the group, Nelson received more harsh treatment than the
others. He was kept 23 hours in his cell every day, merely lit by a lamp. Because of which he was
unable to sleep or know what the time was. He was only allowed to have one visitor once in six
months and he was once not allowed to see his wife (Winnie) for two years.
“During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the
African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have
fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a
democratic and free society in which all persons live together in
harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to
live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am
prepared to die.” Nelson Mandela, at his trial- 1961
Left: Nelson Mandela in prison

Right: Robben Island(Maximum

Security Prison)
Mandela spent twenty-seven consecutive years of his life in detention. For 18 years (1964 – 1982) he was held on
Robben Island, in 1982 he was moved to Pollsmoor Prison, Cape Town, and in 1988 he was again moved to
Victor Verster Prison, in Paarl, till 1990.

From 1985 on he rejected several offers of “conditional” release which would have imposed limitations on his
political activities. His imprisonment improved his political status which resulted in worldwide campaign to release
him.
• After many years of struggle, during which many ANC members had been imprisoned or forced
into exile, the country began its move towards full democracy. On 3 February 1990, State
President F. W. de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison
on 11 February 1990. On 17 March 1992, the apartheid referendum was passed by the voters,
removing apartheid and allowing the ANC to run in the 1994 election, which for the first time
allowed all South Africans to vote for their national government.
• Nelson Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, with former State President of South
Africa, Frederik Willem de Klerk.
• Mandela won the general election in April 1994. His inauguration was in Pretoria on 10 May
1994. Many people around the world saw his inauguration on television. The event had 4000
guests, including world leaders from different backgrounds. Mandela was the first South African
President elected in a completely democratic election.
"We stand here today as nothing more than a representative of
the millions of our people who dared to rise up against a social
operation whose very essence is war, violence, racism,
oppression, repression and the impoverishment of an entire
people.“ N.M.- Nobel Peace Prize speech
• Nelson Mandela strongly believes in democracy, equality and learning. Despite
being repeatedly provoked, he never answered racism with racism. He has always
been an inspiration, in South Africa and to the world, to all who opposed
deprivation & oppression. Mandela personifies struggle, still leads the fight against
apartheid with extraordinary vigor and resilience after spending close to three
decades in prison. For his people, he sacrificed his personal life and his youth, and
is South Africa’s loved hero.
• Nelson Mandela reinforces the fact that leaders have very different qualities and
that leadership success is more complex than just identifying few traits or
preferable behaviors. He’s endowed with many personality traits; this makes him a
natural leader and also has developed many leadership skills and strategies in his
lifetime.
In conclusion, Nelson Mandela is considered as a revolutionary leader
with an ability to empower and motivate others using his strong
regard for consensus and the democratic process.
 Bibliography
• https://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/nelson-mandela-a-great-leader-
history-essay.php
• https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOVsDOG6WWw
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/2887479/